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Statistical Methods > Introduction to Statistics > Flashcards

Introduction to Statistics Flashcards

1
Q

Statistics - 2

A
  • The science of data

- Collecting, organising, analysing, interpreting and presenting data

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2
Q

Population - 1

A
  • Group of “objects” of which we are looking to gather information on
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3
Q

Census - 1

A
  • Collection of data from every member of population
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4
Q

Sample - 3

A
  • Subcollection of the population
  • Different samples may lead to different conlusions about population
  • Samples have to be representative and unbiased
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5
Q

Statistical Study Phases - 3

A
  • Prepare
  • Analyse
  • Conclude
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6
Q

Prepare phase - 3

A
  • Context
  • Source of data
  • Sampling method
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7
Q

Analyse phase - 3

A
  • Graph data, using appropriate graphs
  • Explore data qualitatively and quantitatively
  • Apply statistical methods
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8
Q

Sampling Methods - 7

A
  • Voluntary sampler response
  • Random sample
  • Simple random sample
  • Systematic sampling
  • Convenience sampling
  • Stratified sampling
  • Cluster sampling
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9
Q

Voluntary sampler response - 2

A
  • Subjects decide themselves to be included in sample

- Biased

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10
Q

Random sample - 2

A
  • Each member of population has equal probability of being included
  • Unbiased
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11
Q

Simple random sample - 3

A
  • Each sample of size n has same probability of being selected
  • Unbiased
  • Difficult for large populations
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12
Q

Systematic sampling - 2

A
  • After a starting point select every k-th member

- Could be biased, by changing starting point

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13
Q

Convenience sampling - 3

A
  • Choose the most easily available sample
  • Biased
  • Not a good method but could be useful for first impressions
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14
Q

Stratified sampling - 2

A
  • Divide population in subgroups (strata) such that subjects in same subgroup have same char. then draw a random sample from each group
  • Not biased, very representative
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15
Q

Cluster sampling - 2

A
  • Divide population in clusters and randomly select the entire cluster
  • Could be biased in small datasets
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16
Q

Variable - 1

A
  • A quantity which can vary
17
Q

Cause and effect studies terms - 3

A
  • Explanatory variable
  • Response variable
  • Confounding
18
Q

Explanatory variable - 2

A
  • Independent

- Might cause the effect being studied

19
Q

Response variable - 2

A
  • Dependent

- Represents the effect being studied

20
Q

Confounding - 1

A
  • Influence of different explanatory variables mix and cannot be distinguished
21
Q

Types of study - 2

A
  • Observational study

- Experiment

22
Q

Observational study - 2

A
  • Subjects are observed but not modified

- Type of study defined by when the data is obtained

23
Q

Retrospective Observational - 1

A
  • Data is collected from the past
24
Q

Cross-sectional Observational - 1

A
  • Data is collected from one point in time
25
Q

Prospective Observational - 1

A
  • Data has to be collected
26
Q

Experiment - 2

A
  • A certain treatment is applied to the subjects

- A control and treatment method can be applied

27
Q

Control and Treatment Experiment - 2

A
  • Single blind, the subject does not know which is treatment and which is placebo
  • Double blind, subject and researcher do not know which is treatment and which is placebo
28
Q

Types of data - 2

A
  • Parameter

- Statistic

29
Q

Parameter data - 2

A
  • Numerical measure which represents a a characteristic of a population
  • Represented with greek symbols
30
Q

Statistic data - 2

A
  • Numerical measure which represents a characteristic of a sample
  • Represented with small letters
31
Q

Categories of data - 2

A
  • Quantitative (Numerical), numbers

- Qualitative (Categorical), names or labels

32
Q

Discrete data - 2

A
  • Numerical data

- Number of possible values is countable

33
Q

Continuos data - 2

A
  • Numerical data

- Collection of values is not countable

34
Q

Level of measurement - 1

A
  • Nominal
  • Ordinal
  • Interval
  • Ratio
35
Q

Nominal - 3

A
  • Qualitative data level of measurement
  • Cannot be ordered (Names, labels)
  • Cannot be used for computations
36
Q

Ordinal - 3

A
  • Qualitative data level of measurement
  • Can be ordered but no meaningful differences
  • Cannot be used for computations
37
Q

Interval - 3

A
  • Quantitative data level of measurement
  • No natural zero or starting point
  • Ordering and difference between number are meaningful
38
Q

Ratio - 3

A
  • Quantitative data level of measurement
  • There is a natural starting point
  • Ordering is possible and differences are meaningful

Statistical Methods (17 decks)

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