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Introduction to Surveying Flashcards

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1
Q

What is surveying?

A

The art and science of determining angular and linear measurements to establish the form, extent, and relative position of points, lines, and areas on or near the surface of the earth or on other extraterrestrial bodies.

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2
Q

What is plane surveying?

A

A type of surveying in which the earth is considered to be a flat surface, disregarding its exact shape.

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3
Q

What is geodetic surveying?

A

Surveys of wide extent that take into account the spheroidal shape of the earth.

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4
Q

What are cadastral surveys?

A

Closed surveys undertaken to determine and define property lines and boundaries, corners, and areas.

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5
Q

What is the purpose of city surveys?

A

To plan expansions or improvements, locate property lines, fix reference monuments, determine physical features, and prepare maps.

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6
Q

What do construction surveys provide?

A

Data regarding grades, reference lines, dimensions, ground configuration, and the location and elevation of structures.

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7
Q

What is the focus of forestry surveys?

A

Forest management, mensuration, and the production and conservation of forest lands.

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8
Q

What do hydrographic surveys involve?

A

Surveying bodies of water to map shorelines, chart shapes of areas underwater, and measure stream flow.

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9
Q

What are industrial surveys also known as?

A

Optical tooling.

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10
Q

What is the main goal of mine surveys?

A

To determine the position of underground excavations and surface mine structures, fix surface boundaries, and establish lines and grades.

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11
Q

What technology is used in photogrammetric surveys?

A

Photographs taken with specially designed cameras from airplanes or ground stations.

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12
Q

What is the purpose of route surveys?

A

To determine alignment, grades, earthwork quantities, and the location of natural and artificial objects for linear projects.

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13
Q

What do topographic surveys determine?

A

The shape of the ground and the location and elevation of natural and artificial features.

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14
Q

What is an astrolabe?

A

A measuring instrument developed around 140 B.C. and improved by Ptolemy.

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15
Q

Who invented the telescope?

A

Lippershey in 1607, with further development by Galileo in 1609.

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16
Q

What is a transit used for?

A

To measure angles and establish lines of sight.

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17
Q

What does a plane table consist of?

A

A board attached to a tripod that can be leveled or rotated.

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18
Q

What is the vernier scale used for?

A

To determine fractional parts of the smallest division of the main scale without interpolation.

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19
Q

What is the metric unit of linear measure?

A

Meter.

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20
Q

Define direct measurement.

A

A comparison of the measured quantity with a standard measuring unit.

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21
Q

Define indirect measurement.

A

Determining the observed value based on its relationship to other known values.

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22
Q

What is the SI unit for plane angles?

A

Radian.

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23
Q

What is significant about zeroes between other significant figures?

A

They are considered significant.

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24
Q

What occurs when rounding off numbers if the digit is less than 5?

A

The number is written without the digit.

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25
What is an error in surveying?
The difference between the true value and the measured value of a quantity.
26
What is a systematic error?
An error that always has the same sign and magnitude under constant conditions.
27
What is an accidental error?
An error caused by factors beyond the control of the surveyor.
28
What are instrumental errors?
Errors due to imperfections in the surveying instruments used.
29
What does accuracy indicate in measurements?
How close a measurement is to the absolute or true value.
30
What does precision refer to in measurements?
The degree of refinement and consistency with which a measurement is made.
31
What is the most probable value (mpv)?
A quantity that has more chances of being correct than any other based on available data.
32
What does relative error express?
A fraction with the magnitude of the error in the numerator and the magnitude of the measured quantity in the denominator.
33
What is pacing in surveying?
Counting the number of steps or paces in a required distance.
34
What does a pedometer do?
Registers the number of paces taken.
35
What is tachymetry?
An indirect method of measurement based on the optical geometry of instruments.
36
What is a measuring wheel used for?
Measuring distances along irregular or curved lines.
37
Who is responsible for the accuracy of linear measurements in taping?
Head tape man.
38
What does the first rule of corrections in taping state?
When a line is measured with a tape that is 'too long', corrections are applied by adding to observed values.
39
What is the formula for correction due to incorrect tape length?
Corr = TL - NL.
40
What is the correction due to slope for gentle slopes?
Ch = h / 2s.
41
What does the correction due to temperature account for?
Adjustments in measurements based on temperature variations.
42
What is the formula for calculating slope?
Slope = h / d (100%)
43
What is the formula for Ch in gentle slopes (less than 20%)?
Ch = h / 2s
44
What is the formula for Ch in steep slopes (between 20% and 30%)?
Ch = h / 2s + h / 8s
45
What is the formula for Ch in very steep slopes (greater than 30%)?
Ch = s (1 - cosθ)
46
What is the formula for horizontal distance d?
d = s – Ch
47
What is the formula for correction due to temperature?
Ct = kL(to – ts)
48
What does Ct represent in the temperature correction formula?
Correction due to temperature
49
What is the coefficient of thermal expansion for steel?
k = 11.6 x 10-6 / oC
50
What is the formula for correction due to pull or tension?
Cp = (Pa – Ps) / AE
51
What does Cp represent in the pull correction formula?
Correction due to pull or tension
52
What is the unit stress/elongation per unit length for steel?
E ≈ 2 to 2.1 x 106 kg / sq.cm
53
What is the formula for correction due to sag?
Cs = ω2 L3 / 24P2 or Cs = W2 L / 24P2
54
What is the purpose of combined corrections in leveling?
To account for the effects of incorrect length of tape, temperature, tension, slope, and sag
55
What is direct or spirit leveling?
Method of determining the elevation of points some distance apart by a series of setups of a leveling instrument
56
What is reciprocal leveling?
Process of accurately determining the difference in elevation between two intervisible points located at a considerable distance apart
57
What is profile leveling used for?
Determining differences in elevation between points at designated short measured intervals along an established line
58
What does trigonometric leveling employ?
Trigonometric computations to determine elevation differences
59
What is the purpose of stadia leveling?
Combines features of direct leveling with trigonometric leveling for preliminary surveys
60
What is barometric leveling?
Determining differences in elevation by measuring atmospheric pressure variations
61
What is a dumpy level?
The most widely used direct leveling instrument with a long telescope
62
What is an automatic level?
Level that self-levels through a complex pendulum-and-prism device
63
What is a geodetic level used for?
First-order leveling work requiring extreme precision
64
What is a leveling rod?
A graduated rod used for measuring vertical distance between the line of sight and the point
65
What is the purpose of arm and hand signals in leveling?
To convey information or commands to the rodman
66
What is one source of error in leveling?
Instrumental errors, personal errors, natural errors
67
What is the formula for curvature and refraction?
h = 0.0675K2
68
What does the term 'bench mark (BM)' refer to?
A fixed point of reference whose elevation is known or assumed
69
What is a backsight (BS)?
A reading taken on a rod held on a point of known or assumed elevation
70
What is a foresight (FS)?
A reading taken on a rod held on a point whose elevation is to be determined
71
What is profile leveling used for?
Graphically portraying the intersection of a vertical plane with the surface of the earth
72
What does vertical exaggeration refer to?
Drawing the vertical scale for a profile much larger than the horizontal scale
73
What is the purpose of profile paper?
Used for plotting profiles
74
What is the formula for differential leveling?
DE1 = a – b; DE2 = d – c
75
What are the four types of meridians?
* True meridian * Magnetic meridian * Grid meridian * Assumed meridian
76
What is the degree?
Unit of angular measurement in which a circle is divided into 360 parts
77
What is the radian?
Angle subtended at the center of the circle by an arc length equal to the radius
78
What is the circumference of a circle divided into?
400 parts called grads
79
How many centesimal minutes are there in a grad?
100 centesimal minutes
80
How is a centesimal minute further divided?
Into 100 centesimal seconds
81
What is the circumference of a circle divided into when using mils?
6400 parts called mils
82
How many mils are equal to 90 degrees?
1600 mils
83
In what context are mils commonly used?
Military operations, such as fire direction of artillery units
84
Define one (1) radian.
The angle subtended at the center of the circle by an arc length equal to the radius
85
What is the relationship between radians and degrees?
1 radian = 180° / π or approximately 57.2958°
86
How many radians are there in one degree?
1° = π / 180° or approximately 0.0174533 radians
87
In what computations are radians commonly used?
Determining the length of circular arcs and in high-speed electronic digital computers

Plane Surveying (1 decks)

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