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GI > Introduction to the alimentary tract > Flashcards

Introduction to the alimentary tract Flashcards

1
Q

What are the digestive functions of the stomach?

A
  • Accommodation & storage
  • Mechanical and enzymatic breakdown
  • Slow delivery of chyme to the duodenum
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2
Q

What is stored in the stomach?

A

Food stored here during first stage of digestion

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3
Q

What does the relaxation of the fundus and body of the stomach?

A

Fundus and body of stomach (thinner muscle tone) relaxes, allowing large volume
(~1.5L) of food storage

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4
Q

What does vagal reflex inhibit and what factors are pressent?

A

• Vagal reflex inhibits smooth muscle tone – mechanoreceptors → fundic relaxation
– Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and nitric oxide (NO)

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5
Q

What does the antral region do and eventually lead to what?

A

• Antral region mixes/grinds food with gastric secretions → Digestion

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6
Q

What does colon/recturm store?

A

Storage of indigestive residues and faecal matter

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7
Q

How many liters of gastric juice does the stomach store and what does it help in?

A

• Stomach stores 2-3 litres of gastric juice/24hr (mucus, pepsinogen, intrinsic factor, lipase) which help in digestion and absorption of food

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8
Q

What does mucus act as and how does it do so?

A

– Mucus (secreted by goblet cells and mucus neck cells) – acts as a lubricant by acting as a barrier that protects the stomach and colon especially from gastric acid

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9
Q

What does lipase convert?

A

Lipase converts triglycerides to fatty acids and glycerols

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10
Q

Role of pepsin

A

Protein digestion

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11
Q

What is HCl important in?

A

Important in defense

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12
Q

Why are intrinsic factors needed?

A

for vitamin B12 absorption

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13
Q

What are paracrine secretions often called?

A

Often called local hormones

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14
Q

Where are paracrine secretions secreted from and where do they act?

A
  • Secreted from cells in the mucosa, but unlike hormones, the chemical acts locally on adjacent cells via the interstitial fluid
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15
Q

Exocrine secretions(Salivary glands)

A
  • Mucus

- Lipase

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16
Q

Exocrine secretions(Gastric glands)

A
  • HCl
  • Pepsin
  • Mucus
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17
Q

Exocrine secretions(Pancreas)

A

Bicarbonate ions, enzymes

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18
Q

Exocrine secretions(Liver)

A

Bile salts, bile acids

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19
Q

What is the target tissue of gastrin?

A

Stomach

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20
Q

What is the target tissue of secretin?

A

Duodenal mucosa

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21
Q

When is secretin secreted?

A

• In response to high acidity within the duodenum

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22
Q

What is the target tissue of • Pancreozymin-cholecystokinin?

A

duodenal mucosa

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23
Q

When is pancreozymin-cholecystokinin secreted?

A

• In response to fatty foods, and allows the contraction of the gall bladder

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24
Q

What is the target tissue of insulin?

A

Pancreas(beta-cells)

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25
Q

What do exocrine, endocrine and paracrine secretions allow?

A

Allow active difestion and control of digestion, gastric motility

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26
Q

Where does absorption mainly occur?

A

Mainly occurs in small intestine

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27
Q

Why does absorption mainly occur in small intestine?

A

– Highly vascularised
– Moist and thin
– Large surface area

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28
Q

Where does absorption of fluids occur?

A

• Absorption of fluid occurs in the small intestine and colon

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29
Q

Where does motility occur?

A

Storage like proximal stomach

30
Q

What does the movement of the muscular wall allow?

A

 Movement from one region to another (law of gut); mass evacuation
 Mechanical degradation, e.g. gastric antrum
 Mixing lumen contents, e.g. small intestine
 Transport of nutrients, water and of urea and electrolytes
 Digestion and absorption

31
Q

What is the largest lymphoepithelial organ?

A

Intestines

32
Q

What are the defence mechanims involved in the gut?

A
  1. Sight, smell and taste alerts us to harmful food substances
  2. Vomit reflex
  3. Acid in stomach (HCl) kills most harmful bacteria
  4. Mucus secretions
  5. Natural bacterial flora prevents colonisation of harmful bacteria
  6. Aggregation of lymphoid tissue (e.g. Peyer’s patches) able to mount a response to food-borne antigens - analyse and respond to pathogenic microbes
  7. Peyer’s patches: located in the lamina propria layer (lies beneath the epithelium) of the mucosa and extending into the submucosa of the ileum
33
Q

What is the liver involved in the metabolism of?

A

• It is involved in carbohydrate, nitrogen and lipoprotein metabolism

34
Q

What does the parasympathetic innervation of the gut stimulate?

A

Stimulates salivation

35
Q

What does the sympathetic innervation of the gut inhibit, relax and contract?

A

Inhibit salivation
Relaxes the bladder
Contracts the rectum

36
Q

What does the gut have of its own and what is it called?

A
  • The gut has its own “little brain”

o Called the enteric nervous system

37
Q

What does afferent mean?

A

To the brain

38
Q

What does efferent mean?

A

From the brain

39
Q

What does the ANS enable in the stomach?

A

Enables food storage in the stomach

40
Q

What does ANS enable the movement of food into?

A

ANS enables movement of food into the duodenum

41
Q

Steps involved in the movement of food into the duodenum

A
  • Ripples of contraction move the food towards the antrum (thicker muscle layer)
  • Pyloric sphincter is often relaxed but closes upon arrival of peristaltic wave
  • Repulsion of chyme causes the opening of pyloric sphincter
  • Small partially digested material is squirted through the pyloric sphincter into duodenum
42
Q

The repulsion of what allows mixing/grinding?

A

• Repulsion of antral contents backwards towards the body allows mixing/grinding

43
Q

What happens in the sieving effect?

A

viscous and solid matter are retained in the stomach

44
Q

What three mechanisms of communication mediate responses in the GI tract?

A

Endocrine
Neurocrine
Paracrine

45
Q

What does vago-vagal reflex describe?

A

describes a type of reflex in which both the afferent (“sensory”) and efferent (“motor”) axons are in the vagus nerve trunk

46
Q

What is the vago-vagal reflex a reflex circuit within?

A

• It is reflex circuit within the GIT

47
Q

What is the vago-vagal reflex pathway via?

A

• Pathway is via the brain stem (medulla)

48
Q

When is the vago-vagal reflex active and in response to what?

A

the vago-vagal reflex is active during the receptive relaxation of the stomach in response to swallowing

49
Q

Where does the vago-vagal reflex go and leads to what?

A

o The reflex goes from the stomach to the brain and then back to the stomach
 Leads to the active relaxation of the smooth muscles of the stomach

50
Q

What does the vago-vagal reflex describe?

A
  • Describes the reflex control of responses to gut stimuli via the NTS and DMVN
51
Q

What is the NTS?

A

 Nucleus tractus solitarius

• main site of termination of vagal afferents

52
Q

What is the DMVN?

A

 Dorsal motor vagal nucleus

• main site of origin of vagal efferents (motor) supplying the gut

53
Q

What two nerve fibers are intrinsic to the gut and there functions?

A
  1. Myenteric plexus (Auerbach’s plexus): motor function

2. Submucosal plexus (Meissner’s plexus): intestinal secretions

54
Q

What does the ENS relexly do?

A

• Reflexly regulate GI functions entirely within the wall of the gut

55
Q

What is the ENS connected to and by what?

A

• Connected to CNS by parasympathetic and sympathetic fibres

56
Q

What are the neurotransmitters involved in the ENS?

A

• Neurotransmitters: ACh, NO, NA, 5-HT, GABA, ATP

57
Q

Where are the auerbach’s and meissner’s plexuses located?

A
  • Auerbach’s and Meissner’s plexuses are in wall of colon
58
Q

What does parasympathetic activity do in the ENS?

A

Increases contraction of proximal colon

59
Q

What does sympathetic activity do in the ENS?

A

Decreases colonic movement

60
Q

What happens in the colo-colonic reflex in the presence of food?

A

presence of food or food products/distension of the stomach increase motility of the colon in response

61
Q

What is the most prominent plexus?

A

Auerbach’s Plexus

62
Q

What does cholinergic innervation in auerbach’s plexus do?

A

Increases gastric motility and secretion

63
Q

What does adrenergic stimulation din auerbach’s plexus do?

A

Decreases gastric motility and secretion

64
Q

What is rate of emptying dependent on?

A

dependent upon the material’s ability to be absorbed

65
Q

What do fatty acids in the duodenum decrease and how?

A

in gastric emptying by increasing the contractility of pyloric sphincter

66
Q

What is peristalsis slower in?

A

• Slower in large intestine compared to small intestine

67
Q

What is peristalsis and what does it move?

A

• Wave of propulsive contractions and moves contents of gut towards the anus

68
Q

What initiates the contraction in peristalsis?

A

• Distension initiates contraction

69
Q

What controls the movement in peristalsis?

A

• Vagal inhibitory and excitatory fibres control movement

70
Q

What does the regulation of peristalsis require?

A

Regulation of Peristalsis Requires Neural Reflexes

GI (7 decks)

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