Introduction to the Cardiovascular System

Question 1

Circulatory system

Answer 1

made up of the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system

Question 2

Cardiovascular system

Answer 2

made up of the arterial system, the heart, and the venous system

Question 3

Pulmonary circulation

Answer 3

right side of heart → lungs → left side of heart

Question 4

Systemic circulation

Answer 4

left side of heart → capillary beds of organs and tissues → right side of heart

Question 5

Epicardium

Answer 5

(external): Evisceral serous pericardium

Question 6

Myocardium

Answer 6

(middle): cardiac muscle layer

Question 7

Endocardium

Answer 7

(internal): continuous with endothelium of blood vessels connecting with the heart

Question 8

Conduction system of the heart

Answer 8

1. Electrical impulse starts at SA node - atria contract
2. Impulse travels to AV node at AV septum
3. Impulse travels down left and right bundles in the IV septum
4. Impulse spreads out to myocardium through conducting fibers - ventricles contract

Question 9

What does each artery and its branches carry?

Answer 9

Oxygenated blood to a territory

Question 10

Tunica intima

Answer 10

(internal): endothelium

Question 11

Tunica media

Answer 11

(middle): smooth muscles and elastic fibres

Question 12

Tunica adventitia

Answer 12

(external): connective tissue

Question 13

sympathetic tone

Answer 13

background, low level contraction of smooth muscle in arterioles, due to tonic production of action potentials to arterioles by sympathetic nerves

Question 14

anastomoses

Answer 14

where arteries connect to each other without an intervening capillary network. provides alternative routes for blood flow to supply cells distal to an arterial occlusion. each alternate route is called a collateral

Question 15

end artery

Answer 15

the only arterial blood supply to a given area of the body

Question 16

infarction

Answer 16

irreversible cell death due to hypoxia caused by loss of arterial blood supply. result of untreated occlusion of an end artery

Question 17

what supplies blood to heart muscle?

Answer 17

left and right coronary arteries

Question 18

what supplies blood to the upper limbs and head?

Answer 18

beaches of the arch of the aorta

Question 19

what supplies blood to the thorax and abdomen?

Answer 19

descending aorta

Question 20

what supplies blood to the pelvis and lower limbs?

Answer 20

the abdominal aorta which branches into the two common iliac arteries

Question 21

what do veins do?

Answer 21

Drain deoxygenated blood from a territory

Question 22

Venous blood is ‘pumped’ back towards the heart by:

Answer 22

venous valves, skeletal muscle pump, accompanying veins

Question 23

Superficial veins

Answer 23

Smaller, run within the superficial fascia, drain into deep veins

Question 24

Deep veins

Answer 24

Larger, run deep to the deep fascia in cavities, often in neurovascular bundles

Question 25

Hepatic portal venous system

Answer 25

Drains venous blood from absorptive parts of the GI tract and associated organs for cleaning

Question 26

Systemic venous system

Answer 26

drains venous blood from all of the organs and tissues into the superior or inferior vena cavae

Question 27

What do lymphatic capillaries do?

Answer 27

Collect tissue fluid (lymph)

Question 28

Lymphatic circulation

Answer 28

Lymphatics carry lymph through lymph nodes, eventually lymph is returned into the central veins in the root of the neck

Question 29

Lymph from superficial lymphatics -->

Answer 29

--> deep lymphatics

Question 30

Lymph from right lymphatic duct -->

Answer 30

--> right venous angle

Question 31

Lymph from thoracic duct -->

Answer 31

--> left venous angle