Introduction to the Cell

Question 1

What is the definition of a cell?

Answer 1

A cell is the smallest basic unit of life responsible for all life processes, also known as the building blocks of life.

Question 2

Who first demonstrated that cells were autonomous and had their own cell walls?

Answer 2

Karl Rudolph.

Question 3

What is the largest and smallest cell in the human body?

Answer 3

ovum and sperm

Question 4

Q: What is the primary function of the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?

Answer 4

A: To produce energy in the form of ATP through aerobic respiration.

Question 5

Q: What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell division?

Answer 5

A: Prokaryotic cells divide through binary fission, while eukaryotic cells divide through mitosis.

Question 6

Q: What are ribosomes responsible for in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Answer 6

A: Protein synthesis.

Question 7

Q: What is the role of lysosomes in eukaryotic cells?

Answer 7

A: To degrade materials taken up from outside the cell and digest obsolete components of the cell.

Question 8

Q: What is the main difference between passive and active transport in cells?

Answer 8

A: Passive transport (e.g., diffusion) moves substances across the membrane without energy, while active transport requires energy to move larger molecules like proteins.

Question 9

Q: What is the function of the Golgi apparatus in eukaryotic cells?

Answer 9

A: To process and sort proteins received from the ER and prepare them for transport.

Question 10

Q: What process occurs in the cytoplasm during cellular respiration?

Answer 10

A: Glycolysis, where glucose is oxidized to produce pyruvate, NADH, and ATP.

Question 11

Q: What are the primary structural components of a prokaryotic cell?

Answer 11

A: Capsule, cell wall, plasma membrane, nucleoid, ribosomes, and flagella.

Question 12

Q: What are the two types of stem cells in the human body?

Answer 12

A: Embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells.

Question 13

Q: What is the study of cell structure and function called?

Answer 13

A: Cell biology.

Question 14

Q: How do small molecules like oxygen and carbon dioxide pass through the cell membrane?

Answer 14

A: Through passive transport (diffusion).

Question 15

Q: What process do organisms use to generate energy in plants and animals?

Answer 15

A: Photosynthesis in plants and respiration in animals.

Question 16

Q: What is the role of the cell membrane?

Answer 16

A: It acts as a barrier, separating the cell from the outside environment and controlling the passage of substances in and out of the cell.

Question 17

Q: What is the function of ribosomes in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Answer 17

A: Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis.

Question 18

Q: What types of white blood cells are there?

Answer 18

A: Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and agranulocytes (monocytes, lymphocytes).

Question 19

largest organelle in eukaryotic cells that contains the genetic material?

Answer 19

nucleus

Question 20

Q: What is the nucleoid in prokaryotic cells?

Answer 20

A: The region in prokaryotic cells where DNA is located, as they lack a true nucleus.

Question 21

Q: What is the structure of DNA in prokaryotes versus eukaryotes?

Answer 21

A: DNA in prokaryotes is circular, while in eukaryotes it is linear.

Question 22

Q: What role does the Golgi apparatus play in the cell?

Answer 22

A: It processes and sorts proteins received from the ER for transport to their final destinations.

Question 23

Q: What is the difference in ribosome size between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Answer 23

A: Prokaryotic ribosomes are smaller and spherical, while eukaryotic ribosomes are larger and linear.

Question 24

Q: What are the three common features of all cells, whether prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

Answer 24

A: DNA, a cell membrane, and cytoplasm.

Question 25

Q: How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ in terms of their reproductive methods?

Answer 25

A: Prokaryotes reproduce asexually via binary fission, while eukaryotes can reproduce both asexually and sexually.

Question 26

Q: What is the primary structural component of the cell wall in most bacteria?

Answer 26

Peptidoglycans

Question 27

Q: What are lysosomes and what is their function?

Answer 27

A: Lysosomes are organelles that digest materials taken up from outside the cell and break down obsolete components within the cell.

Question 28

Q: What is glycolysis and where does it occur?

Answer 28

A: Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration, occurring in the cytoplasm, where glucose is oxidized to produce pyruvate, NADH, and ATP.

Question 29

Q: What organelles are involved in the endomembrane system?

Answer 29

A: Vesicles and vacuoles, which are membrane-bound sacs involved in transport and storage.

Question 30

Q: What are the main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell membranes?

Answer 30

A: Prokaryotic cells have a simpler structure, while eukaryotic cells have a phospholipid bilayer that encompasses organelles within.

Question 31

Q: How are transcription and translation different in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Answer 31

A: In prokaryotes, transcription and translation are coupled (occur simultaneously), while in eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus and translation in the cytoplasm.

Question 32

Q: What are plasmids and which type of cell typically contains them?

Answer 32

small DNA molecules in prokaryotic wihch povide phenotypic charecters (resistance to antibiotics)

Question 33

Fucntion of nucleus

Answer 33

containcs cell DNA, controlls growth, metabolism and reporduction

Question 34

Q: What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

Answer 34

The ER is involved in protein synthesis (rough ER) and lipid synthesis (smooth ER), as well as transporting these molecules to other parts of the cell.

Question 35

Q: What is the Golgi apparatus responsible for?

Answer 35

A: The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for storage or transport out of the cell.

Question 36

Q: What is the cytoskeleton and its role in eukaryotic cells?

Answer 36

A: The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers that helps the cell maintain its shape and aids in movement.

Question 37

Q: What is the function of chloroplasts in plant cells?

Answer 37

A: Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis, where light energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of glucose.

Question 38

Q: What is the nucleolus and what does it do?

Answer 38

A: The nucleolus is located within the nucleus and is responsible for producing ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and assembling ribosomes.

Question 39

Q: What are pili and what is their function in prokaryotic cells?

Answer 39

Pili are hair-like structures that help in the attachment of the prokaryotic cell to surfaces and in the transfer of genetic material between cells (conjugation).

Question 40

Q: What are flagella and their function in prokaryotic cells?

Answer 40

tail like,, helps cell move through environment

Question 41

Q: What is the capsule in some prokaryotic cells?

Answer 41

A: The capsule is an outer protective layer that helps the cell adhere to surfaces and protects it from being engulfed by other cells (phagocytosis).

Question 42

Q: What are mesosomes and their proposed function in prokaryotic cells?

Answer 42

A: Mesosomes are folded regions of the plasma membrane believed to assist in cellular respiration and DNA replication in prokaryotes.

Question 43

Q: What is a key difference between ribosomes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Answer 43

A: Prokaryotic ribosomes are smaller (70S) compared to eukaryotic ribosomes (80S).

Question 44

Q: What is one main structural difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Answer 44

A: Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not.

Question 45

Q: What organelles are absent in prokaryotic cells but present in eukaryotic cells?

Answer 45

nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus