introduction to the human body

Question 1

importance of studying ANP

Answer 1

physiology is the study of, while anatomy describes the structures of the body (ie what they are made of, location, associated structures). physiology is the fx, while anatomy is the strx, and the fx is dictated by the strx, and the strx tells you what it does (the fx.)

Question 2

major levels of organization in organisms

Answer 2

molecule/chemical (different atoms) –> cell (nucleus) –> tissue (different cells) –> organs (2+ tissues) –> organ systems –> organisms

Question 3

four major tissue types

Answer 3

epithelia, connective, muscular, and nervous

Question 4

eleven organ systems

Answer 4

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, urinary, and reproductive

Question 5

integumentary system

Answer 5

strx. = is the skin and is the largest organ in body
fx.=- protects and maintains a physical barrier between the external environment and the internal enviornment

Question 6

skeletal system

Answer 6

strx = bones and CT
fx = bodys central framework

Question 7

muscular system

Answer 7

strx = muscles
fx = contractibility, which that allows the body to move

Question 8

lymphatic system

Answer 8

strx = bone marrow, lymph node, thymus
fx = group of organs, vessels and tissues that protect you from infection and keep a healthy balance of fluids in your body

Question 9

respiratory system

Answer 9

strx = nose, mouth, throat, voice box, windpipe, and lungs
fx = exchange gas (ie air) throughout the body while removing waste gases (ie CO2)

Question 10

digestive system

Answer 10

strx = gastrointestinal tract (GI), liver, pancreas, and gallbladder
fx = breaks down food into nutrients that can be absorbed by the body

Question 11

nervous system

Answer 11

strx = nerves, brain, and spinal cord
fx = sends messages and signals back and forth throughout the body

Question 12

endocrine system

Answer 12

strx = hormones in the body
fx = regulated all biological process in the body from conception through adulthood into old age

Question 13

cardiovascular system

Answer 13

strx = heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries
fx = work together to provide adequate blood flow to all part of the body

Question 14

urinary system

Answer 14

strx = bladder, kidneys, uterus, urinary bladder and urethra
fx = eliminate waste from the body

Question 15

reproductive system

Answer 15

strx = uterus, vagina, penis, falopian tubes
fx = to produce egg and sperm cells

Question 16

homeostasis

Answer 16

all body systems working together to maintain a stable environment; ie hunger or sweating

state of equilibrium; failure results in disease or death

Question 17

why is homeostasis important

Answer 17

systems respond to external and internal changes to fx within a normal range and if they go above or below that normal range it can lead to disease, coma or death

Question 18

two mechanism of regulation

Answer 18

intrinsic and extrinsic; both equal ways of getting parameters to homeostasis

Question 19

intrinsic regulation (aka auto-regulation)

Answer 19

• automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to some environmental change
• only works locally (local responses) but never in the nervous or endocrine system
• ex. O2 levels in the individual cells

Question 20

extrinsic regulation

Answer 20

• responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems (systemic responses, uses one or both)
• whole body
• ex. O2 level in the entire body

Question 21

components of homeostatic mechanisms

Answer 21

1. receptor - usually a protein but not always
   – detects the stimulus
   – strx. that detects says “hey there is something wrong here”
2. control center - sometimes nerves or chemicals
   – receives signal and send instructions
   – single cell, group of cells, organs, etc.
   – receives info that was detected by receptor; process info to form instructions on how to fix the process
3. effector - molecule, cell group of cells etc.
   – carries out the instructions with the goal to regulate the original stimulus
   EX. BP is to high –> effector will try to negate us back to normal range

Question 22

negative feedback loop

Answer 22

• the response of the effector negates the stimulus
• body is brought back to homeostasis
• normal range is achieved
• more common
  ie. BP or Heart Rate to high/low

Question 23

positive feedback loop

Answer 23

• the response of the effector increases or enhances change of the stimulus
• body is moved away from homeostasis
• normal range is lose, taking a parameter father away from homeostasis for the benefit of speeding things up
• less common
  ie. birthing process, blood clotting, nursing young

Question 24

purpose of feedback loops

Answer 24

to regulate the body and bring it back to homeostasis

Question 25

anatomical position

Answer 25

hands at side, palms forward

Question 26

supine

Answer 26

lying down, face up (not in anatomical position)

Question 27

prone

Answer 27

lying down, face down (not in anatomical position)

Question 28

right

Answer 28

towards the body’s right side

Question 29

left

Answer 29

towards the body’s left side

Question 30

inferior

Answer 30

lower or below

ie. nose is inferior to the forehead

Question 31

superior

Answer 31

higher or above

ie. the mouth is inferior to the chin

Question 32

anterior

Answer 32

toward the front of the body

ie. teeth are anterior to the throat

Question 33

posterior

Answer 33

towards the back of the body

ie. the brain is posterior to the eyes

Question 34

dorsal

Answer 34

toward the back (synonymous with posterior)

ie. the spine is dorsal to the breastbone

Question 35

ventral

Answer 35

toward the belly (synonymous with anterior)

ie. the navel is ventral to the spine

Question 36

proximal

Answer 36

closer to the point of attachment when talking about limbs

ie. the elbow is proximal to thw wrist

Question 37

lateral

Answer 37

away from the midline of the body

ie. the nipple is lateral to the breastbone

Question 38

medial

Answer 38

toward the middle or midline of the body

ie. the bridge of the nose ie medial to the eyes

Question 39

superficial

Answer 39

toward or on the surface

ie. the skin is superficial to the muscle

Question 40

deep

Answer 40

away from the surface, internal

ie. the lungs are deep to the ribs

Question 41

frontal plane

Answer 41

• coronal
• anterior vs. posterior
• ventral vs. dorsal

Question 42

transverse plane

Answer 42

• horizontal
• superior vs. inferior

Question 43

sagittal plane

Answer 43

unequal right vs. left

Question 44

mid-sagittal

Answer 44

equal left vs. right