Introduction to the Human Body

Question 1

Define Anatomy

Answer 1

study of the structure of organisms and other parts (labeling)

Question 2

Define Physiology

Answer 2

study of the function of organisms and their parts (blood flow/cardiac cycle in the heart)

Question 3

Organ Systems: Skeletal System

Function and Structure

Answer 3

Structural Support, anchoring points for muscles
rigid bone and flexible cartilage, tendons and ligaments

Question 4

Organ System: Cardiovascular System

Function and Structure

Answer 4

Transport of nutrients, gases, wastes, cells and other molecules

Pump (the heart) and many vessels to carry the blood

Question 5

Organ System: Respiratory System

Function and Structure

Answer 5

exchanges of gases (O2 and CO2) with the external environment respiratory passages and lungs

Question 6

Organ System: Digestive System

Function and Structure

Answer 6

ingestion, breakdown, and absorption of nutrients

alimentary canal and associated organs

Question 7

Organ Systems: Muscular System

Function and Structure

Answer 7

Contracts to produce voluntary movement of skeletal and skin

Skeletal Muscles

Question 8

Organ System: Urinary System

Function and Structure

Answer 8

excretion of nitrogenous wastes, pH, ions, and water balance

kidney, bladder, ureters and urethra

Question 9

Organ System: Endocrine System

Function and Structure

Answer 9

Produce hormones to regulate body functions

gland tissues spread through your body

Question 10

Organ Systems: Reproductive System

Function and Structure

Answer 10

production of offspring: gamete production/delivery, site of fertilization (female), site of embryo/fetal growth (female), ovaries and related structures (female) and testes and related structure (male)

Question 11

Organ System: Integumentary System

Function and Structure

Answer 11

covering, lining, and protecting the body

lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, and spleen

Question 12

Organ System: Nervous System

Function and Structure

Answer 12

reception and processing of information, control of body responses and actions

brain, spinal cord and receptors and nerves

Question 13

Organs:

What they do

Answer 13

Performs specific functions in the body as a part of the organ system

usually made of two tissue types

Question 14

Tissues

Answer 14

cells of similar structure and function come together to create tissues when an organism is multicellular

Question 15

4 major categories of tissues

Answer 15

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

Question 16

2 main components of tissues

Answer 16

cells and extracellular matrix

Question 17

epithelial tissue

Structure and Function

Answer 17

avascular (no blood vessels), classified by the number of layers

line, protect and cover surfaces, tubes and cavities (external and internal), secretion, absorption and filtration of molecules

Question 18

simple epithelial

Structure and where its found

Answer 18

cells in a simple layer attached to a basement membrane

lines spaces where cell transport is important or covers areas that are not exposed to a lot of friction

Question 19

stratified epithelial

Structure and where its found

Answer 19

cells in multiple layers attached to a basement membrane

found in areas with a lot of friction or needing added strength/toughness

Question 20

3 possible shapes of epithelial tissue

Answer 20

squamous, cuboidal, and columnar

Question 21

Squamous epithelial tissue

Structure

Answer 21

flat/pillow-shaped

simple: delicate lining

stratified: tough lining/covering (flat shape allows them to stack in many strong layers)

Question 22

Cuboidal epithelial tissue

Structure and Function

Answer 22

cube-shaped

secretion

Question 23

Columnar Epithelial Tissue

structure and function

Answer 23

tall/column-shaped

secretion and absorption (especially if ciliated, increases surface area for absorption

Question 24

Connective Tissue

Structure and Function

Answer 24

two components: cells and extracellular matrix

fill the spaces between other tissues/organs, connect other tissues, store, and transport materials around the body

Question 25

Connective Tissue: Loose Areolar Structure (type of matrix) and Function

Answer 25

Sparse cells in a loose collagen and elastin matrix flexible support/'glue' between tissues, absorbs fluid during swelling

Question 26

Connective Tissue: Loose Adipose Structure (type of matrix) and Function

Answer 26

Adipose cells packed with fat (lipids) with very little matrix energy storage (triglyceride fats), insulation and cushioning around organs (heart, kidney)

Question 27

Connective Tissue: Cartilage Structure (type of matrix) and Function

Answer 27

Cells in a jelly-like matrix of collagen fibers, avascular flexible support, cushioning in joints, heals poorly due to poor vascularization

Question 28

Connective Tissue: Dense Fibrous Structure (type of matrix) and Function

Answer 28

Dense collagen and elastin matrix with poor blood supply (avascular) tendons and ligaments (connect bones/muscles), heals poorly due to poor vascularization

Question 29

Connective Tissue: Bone Structure (type of matrix) and Function

Answer 29

Cells trapped in a rigid solid collagen and calcium matrix rigid support, calcium/fat storage, and blood cell production (contains blood stem cells)

Question 30

Connective Tissue: Blood Structure (type of matrix) and Function

Answer 30

Cells in a liquid matric (plasma) with soluble fibers and other dissolved molecules transport (cells, gases, nutrients, hormones, etc), body temperature regulation, coagulation (blood clotting)

Question 31

Muscle Tissue Structure and Function

Answer 31

cells in bundles with tightly packed contractile fibers contractile fibers shorten to produce movement when stimulated by nerves

Question 32

Muscle Tissue: Skeletal Muscle Structure and Function

Answer 32

long, cylindrical shaped cells with multiple nuclei and obvious striation (stripes) and parallel in buncles voluntary movement of bones and skin of the face

Question 33

Muscle Tissue: Cardiac Muscle Structure and Function

Answer 33

Short, branched cells with a single nucleus, light striations, and special joint junctions 9intercalated discs, a special type of gap junction, and desmosome) contracts the heart to pump blood (involuntarily)

Question 34

Muscle Tissue: Smooth Muscle Structure and Function

Answer 34

Short cells with tapered ends with a single nucleus, non-striated slow, involuntary contractions of hollow organs, tube-shaped structures and sphincters

Question 35

Nervous Tissue Structure and Function

Answer 35

When stimulated, neurons send electrical impulses (action potential as communication signals) long, delicate cells (neurons) where one end receives signals (dendrites) and the other end sends signals (axons) Neurons are long so they can reach all the way between different cells in the body

Question 36

Homeostasis

Answer 36

despite changing environmental conditions, organisms need to maintain a relatively steady internal physiological state (but not constant/unchanging) organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis This is the condition of optimal functioning for the organism and includes many variables, such as body temperature and fluid balance

Question 37

Examples of Factors/substances in the body that would be regulated by homeostasis

Answer 37

internal temperature, rate of nutrient use, water levels in body fluid, ions/salts in body fluid, blood pressure, breathing rate, and hormones

Question 38

Feedback

Answer 38

Used to regulate the activity of enzymes and other physiological processes Stimulus is influenced by its effects/products

Question 39

Which is more common: Negative or Positive?

Answer 39

Negative

Question 40

Negative Feedback

Answer 40

the effects/products of a process reduce the stimulus ex: blood sugar, body temperature, hormone secretion

Question 41

Positive Feedback

Answer 41

the effects/products of a process enhance/increase the stimulus until some "endpoint" is reached ex: blood clotting, childbirth/labor, lactation, ovulation, sexual climax