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ODDR- Immunology > Introduction to the Immune System 1 > Flashcards

Introduction to the Immune System 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some vital things pathogens need to be able to survive in our body?

A

Lots of nutrients
Correct temperature and PH
Water

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2
Q

What does our immune system provide protection from?

A

Pathogens and parasites

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3
Q

Give some examples of pathogens

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Viruses
  3. Fungi
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4
Q

Give some oral diseases that are caused by bacteria

A

Congenital syphallis
Periodontal disease
Hutchinsons incisors

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5
Q

Give some oral diseases that are caused by viruses

A

Primary herpetic gingiostomatitis

Kaposi’s sarcoma

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6
Q

Give some oral diseases that are caused by fungi

A

Oral thrush

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7
Q

What is kaposi’s sarcoma

A

It is a tumour associated with HIV

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8
Q

Give some examples of parasites

A
  1. Helminths

2. Protozoa

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9
Q

Give some oral diseases that are caused by Protozoa

A

Entamoeba gingivalis

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10
Q

Vertebrate immune defences has how many immune layers

A

3 layers:

  1. Physical and biochemical barriers
  2. Innate immune system
  3. Adaptive immune system
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11
Q

Describe the physical barriers we have to disease

A

They are provided by our epithelial layers like skin and mucosal layers

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12
Q

What initiated the adaptive immune system?

A

The innate system

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13
Q

What are the 2 types of physical defences

A

Strong external barriers

More vulnerable mucosal membranes

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14
Q

Give examples of strong external barriers

A
  1. Skin
  2. Nails
  3. Hair
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15
Q

Give examples of more vulnerable mucosal membranes

A
  1. Oral mucosa
  2. Sinuses
  3. Respiratory tract
  4. Kidneys
  5. Bladder
  6. Intenstines
  7. Eyes and oral cavity
  8. Gastrointestinal tract
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16
Q

What type of barriers do surface epithelia provide to infection?

A 
Provides
1. mechanical
2. chemical 
3. microbiological 
barriers to infection
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17
Q

What type of mechanical barrier does the skin provide in response to infection?

A
  1. Have epithelial cells joined by tight junctions

2. Longitudinal flow of air or fluid

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18
Q

What type of chemical barrier does the skin provide in response to infection?

A
  1. The epithelial cells produce fatty acid

2. They also produce beta defensives lamellar bodies and cathelicidin

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19
Q

What type of mechanical barrier does the gut provide in response to infection?

A
  1. Have epithelial cells joined by tight junctions

2. Longitudinal flow of air or fluid

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20
Q

What type of chemical barrier does the gut provide in response to infection?

A
  1. Has a low pH
  2. Produces enzymes like pepsin
  3. Produce alpha defensins (cryptdins), reg III and cathelicidin
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21
Q

What type of mechanical barrier do the lungs provide in response to infection?

A
  1. Have epithelial cells joined by tight junctions

2. Have cilia that move mucosa

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22
Q

What type of chemical barrier do the lungs provide in response to infection?

A
  1. Pulmonary surfactant

2. Produce alpha defensins and cathelicidin

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23
Q

What type of mechanical barrier do the eyes nose and oral cavity provide in response to infection?

A
  1. Have epithelial cells joined by tight junctions
  2. They eyes produce tears
  3. Nasal cilia
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24
Q

What type of chemical barrier do the eyes nose and oral cavity provide in response to infection?

A
  1. Enzymes in tears and saliva- lysozyme

2. Produce histatins and beta defensins

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25
What type of enzyme is lysozyme?
glycosidase enzymes
26
What is lysozyme most active against?
Gram positive bacteria
27
Give examples of some gram positive bacteria
Streptococcus mutans (cariogenic).
28
Why is lysozyme more active against gram positive bacteria?
As it is easier to get to heir peptidoglycan layer
29
What does lysozyme cleave?
The bonds between different types of sugars | It digest peptidoglycan
30
What does the activity of lysozyme end up exposing?
A portion of the lipid bilayer in the bacterial cell membrane
31
What is the exposed portion of bacterial lipid bilayer vulnerable to?
Invasion from other molecules like antimicrobial peptides
32
What are antimicrobial peptides synthesised as?
As inactive proform
33
What is a zymogen?
An inactive form of an enzyme usually needs proteolytic cut to become active
34
What are the 3 types of antimicrobial peptides present in humans?
1. Defensins 2. Cathelicidins 3. Histatins
35
Describe defensins
1. They are amphipathic | 2. They are insertion in membranes that generate pores causing membranes to become leaky killing the bacterial cell
36
What are the different types of defensins we may have?
Alpha defensins produces by specialised innate immune cells | Beta defensins produced by epithelial cells
37
Describe Cathelicidins
1. It's amphipathic 2. It causes membrane disruption 3. Has immuno-regulatory properties
38
What type of cathelicidins do humans possess?
LL-37 ONLY
39
What are Histatins produced by?
The parotid, sublingual and submandibular glands
40
Describe Histatins
1. They are Histadine rich | 2. They are active against fungal pathogen
41
Describe the response speed of the innate system
Minutes to hours | Innate system is always present
42
Describe the response speed of the adaptive system
Takes usually 4 days to initiated | It is usually silent and needs a response to be activated
43
Describe how the innate immune system recognises what it wants to attack
- Has limited range of antigen receptors - The efficiency of recognising non self cells does not change during or after the response - The antigens are encoded in our genome
44
Describe how the adaptive immune system recognises what it wants to attack
- Has a vast range of antigen receptors - The efficiency of the antigen receptor recognising non self cells improves - The matured antigen receptors are not encoded in our genome so cannot be passed to your offspring
45
What is our immune system essentially doing when it is recognising what needs to be attacked?
It is determining what is a host cell and what is a non self cell by using the antigens present on cells
46
Describe the lasting protecting/ memory of the innate immune system
It has no memory
47
How does our immune system recognise what is self and non self?
By using antigens which are proteins on the surface of all cells
48
Describe the lasting protecting/ memory of the adaptive immune system
Provides immunity for years as it produces memory cells
49
In which group is the earliest form the adaptive immune system present?
Present in the Agnathans group (include lamprey)
50
Phyla that were formed before the agnathans have what type of immunity?
Only innate
51
What does the innate immune system provide?
Provides initial defences It limits pathogen proliferation and spread. It can control less virulent pathogens.
52
What is an important job of the innate immune system?
It induced the adaptive immune response
53
What does PMN stand for?
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils
54
Approx how much encoding space do we have in our genome?
25,000
55
What problem is caused due to the large diversity of pathogens?
We cannot encode all the different pathogen antigens into our gremlin as there is not enough space in out genome
56
What does immunological memory give us?
Immunological memory gives more efficient and effective immune response to previously seen pathogens.
57
When was the compliment system discovered and by who?
Discovered in 1890s by Jules Bordet
58
What are the functions of the compliment system?
1. Facilitates recognition of bacteria by phagocytes | 2. Can directly lyse bacteria
59
What do phagocytic cells do?
They engulf bacterial then digest and degrade them
60
Approx how many plasma proteins make up the complement system?
Over 30
61
What does the compliment system work as?
A zymogen activation cascade
62
What does the detection of a few pathogens do to the number of phagocytes?
It leads to a rapid, amplified response
63
Define pathogen
A microorganism that causes disease (pathology) when it infects a host, includes bacteria, viruses, fungi.
64
Define self
A structure or molecule that is derived from the host
65
Define non-self
A Component or molecule that is immunologically recognised as foreign.
66
How many pathways are there to activate the compliment systems?
3
67
What are the 3 pathways that can activate the compliment systems?
1. The lectin pathway 2. The classical pathway 3. The alternative pathway
68
Where do all 3 pathways converge?
Onto a single enzymatic activity which is called the C3 convertsase activity
69
On to what activity do all three pathways converge to?
The C3 convertase activity
70
What does C3 convertase do?
It cleavages C3 to form C3a and C3b which in turn mediates release of C5a.
71
What are the three outcomes of the single convergence to C3 converts activity
1. C3a and C5a recruit phagocytic cells to the sire of infection prompting inflammation 2. Phagocytes with receptors for C3b engulf and destroy the pathogen more efficiently 3. Completion of the complement cascade leads to formation of MAC which disturbs cell membrane and causes cell lysisi
72
What does MAC stand for
Membrane-attack complex
73
Which of the 3 pathways was discovered first?
The classical pathway
74
What initiates the classical pathway?
When C1q interacts with a pathogen surface or with antibodies bound to the surface
75
What forms the C1 complex?
C1q, C1r, C1s
76
What does the classical pathway lead to?
Formation of the C3 convertase activity
77
What initiates the alternative pathway?
C3 undergoes spontaneous hydrolysis to C3(H2O) | This initiates the eventual deposition of C3 convertase the microbial surfaces
78
What makes up the complex formed in the alternative pathway?
Factor D Factor B Factor P These 3 form C3bBb
79
What initiates the lectin pathway?
Mannose- binding lectin (MBL) and ficolins recognise and bind to carbohydrates on pathogen surfaces
80
What does the lectin pathway lead to?
Formation of the C3 convertase activity
81
C3 is broken down into _______ and _______ by ____________
1. C3a 2. C3b 3. C3 convertase
82
C3a and C5a act as what?
Anaphylatoxins
83
C3a and C5a do what?
They attract innate cells to where they are needed
84
What does C3b?
Help the phagocytes see pathogens that need to be engulfed
85
What does C5b do?
Forms a complex with C6, C7 and C8 and this complex inserts itself into the membrane of the bacterial cell This then recruits a lot of molecules of C9 leading to pores forming in the bacterial membrane causing leakage and eventually death
86
What activates a zygmogen?
Another proteolytic enzyme must cut (cleave) it

ODDR- Immunology (7 decks)

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