Introduction to the MSM Flashcards by Josh Key

What is memory?

The retention of experience.

The ability to retain information after the original stimulus has passed through the processes of encoding, storage and retrieval.

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Who proposed the MSM?

(Multi-Store Model of Memory)

Atkinson and Shiffrin, 1968.

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What does MSM stand for?

(Multi-Store Model of Memory)

Multi-Store-Memory Model.

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What does the MSM show?

(Multi-Store Model of Memory)

Shows a representation of how memory works.

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What did Atkinson and Shiffrin base their memory approach on?

(Multi-Store Model of Memory)

The notion that there are separate short-term memory and long-term memory stores.

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What does SR stand for?

(Multi-Store Model of Memory)

Sensory register.

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What does STM stand for?

(Multi-Store Model of Memory)

Short-term memory.

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What does LTM stand for?

(Multi-Store Model of Memory)

Long-term memory.

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What happens to information that is forgotten in the SR?

(Multi-Store Model of Memory)

It is lost to trace decay.

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How does information get from SR to STM?

(Multi-Store Model of Memory)

By paying attention to it.

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How is information kept within STM?

(Multi-Store Model of Memory)

Maintenance rehearsal.

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What is the term that refers to information in STM being removed due to exceeding capacity (5-9 items)?

(Multi-Store Model of Memory)

Displacement.

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What is elaborative rehearsal?

(Multi-Store Model of Memory)

Giving meaning to information, in order for it to pass from STM to LTM.

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What is retrieval?

(Multi-Store Model of Memory)

When information is taken from LTM, in order to be used to help process information in the STM.

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What is cue retrieval failure?

(Multi-Store Model of Memory)

A form of forgetting that occurs when we don’t have necessary cues to access the information.

Memory is available but not accessible unless a suitable cue is provided.

In order to remember a piece of information well, what must we do to it?

(Multi-Store Model of Memory)

Pay attention to it.

How does information pass from STM to LTM?

(Multi-Store Model of Memory)

Elaborative rehearsal.

What is maintenance rehearsal?

(Multi-Store Model of Memory)

The repetition of information (e.g. out loud or in your head).

How does the SR process information?

(Sensory register)

Takes information from one of the sense organs and holds it in that same form.

Information from the environment is initially received by sensory stores.

There is one for each sense - a store for what we see, one for what we hear etc.

What kind of control is the SR held under?

(Sensory register)

Automatic control.

How is information stored in the SR?

(Encoding in the SR)

In a raw, unprocessed form, with separate sensory stores for different sensory inputs.

What are the 5 stores in the SR?

(Encoding in the SR)

Echoic:
- Memory from the ears.
- Stored as sounds.

Iconic:
- Memory from the eyes.
- Stored as images.

Haptic:
- Memory from the skin.
- Stored as touches.

Gustatory:
- Memory from the mouth.
- Stored as taste.

Olfactory:
- Memory from the nose.
- Stored as scents.

Outline the echoic store in the SR.

(Encoding in the SR)

Memory from the ears.

Stored as sounds.

Outline the iconic store in the SR. (Encoding in the SR)

Memory from the eyes. Stored as images.

Outline the haptic store in the SR. (Encoding in the SR)

Memory from the skin. Stored as touches.

Outline the gustatory store in the SR. (Encoding in the SR)

Memory from the mouth. Stored as taste.

Outline the olfactory store in the SR. (Encoding in the SR)

Memory from the nose. Stored as scents.

Outline Crowder's research from 1993. (Encoding in the SR) (Supports the idea that sensory information is coded individually and for different lengths)

Supports the idea that sensory information is coded individually and for different lengths. Found that the SR only retains information in the iconic store for a few milliseconds, but 2-3 seconds in the echoic. This suggested that sensory information is coded for in different stores and that each store has a different duration.

What is the capacity of the SR? Why? (Capacity of the SR)

All sensory experience. This is because the information being processed is raw - so highly detailed and ever-changing.

Outline Sperling's research from 1960. (Capacity of the SR) (Supports the idea that SR capacity is very large)

Supports the idea that SR capacity is very large. This is because they found that people recall on average 4 letters, but the iconic memory held up to 10 items; however this decays before it can be reported. This suggests that the capacity (especially of the iconic store) in the SR is large. It also suggests that the SR information decays within ~2 seconds or less (duration).

What is the duration of information in the SR? (Duration of the SR)

All sensory stores have limited duration, though the actual duration of each store is not constant, with different types of information within each store decaying at different rates.

Outline Walsh and Thompson's research from 1978. (Duration of the SR) (Challenges the fixed duration of the SR)

Challenges the fixed duration of the SR. This is because they found that the iconic sensory store has an average duration of 500 milliseconds, which decreases as individuals get older. This suggests that the SR is person-specific: it also highlights the SR's ability to deteriorate over time.