introduction to tissue - part one {module 8}

Question 1

whats the order of organisation within plants and animals?

Answer 1

cells - tissue - organs - organism

Question 2

define tissues

Answer 2

Tissues are a group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function.

Question 3

Cells are adapted for their particular functions through a process called {}

Answer 3

cell differentiation

Question 4

{} is a form of science that involves manipulating and changing the properties of tissues and cells

Answer 4

Biotechnology

Question 5

When tissues group together to perform a specific function, they form an {}

Answer 5

organ

Question 6

the two types of plant tissue categories?

Answer 6

meristematic (dividing)
permanent (non dividing)

Question 7

{} the tissue that is able to divide. Tissue that can grow. {} tissue is the stem cells of plants. It is tissue that is undifferentiated. It is tissue that contains cells that actively divide to form other tissue types, like dermal or ground tissue. {} is therefore found everywhere on a plant where growth is needed—the tips of the roots, the stem, and the buds

Answer 7

Meristematic tissue

Question 8

The meristematic tissue found in buds and growing tips of plants is called ()

Answer 8

Apical meristematic tissue

Question 9

() is what makes the plant grow thicker or wider. We normally find this in woody trees and plants. The rings you see when you look at a tree that has been cut down are an example of ()

Answer 9

Lateral meristematic

Question 10

structure and function of meristematic cells?

Answer 10

Structure: the cells are small, spherical, or polygonal in shape.

Function: this allows for close packing of a large number of cells

Question 11

structure and function of meristematic vacuoles?

Answer 11

Structure: very small or absent completely.

Function: vacuoles generally provide rigidity and that would prevent rapid division.

Question 12

structure and function of meristematic cytoplasm?

Answer 12

Structure: a large volume of cytoplasm.

Function: the lack of other organelles is a feature of undifferentiated cells (organelles provide specific functions)

Question 13

structure and function of meristematic nucleus?

Answer 13

Structure: a large nucleus, with large amounts of nuclear material containing DNA.

Function: necessary for division and differentiation.

Question 14

name the five types of tissues

Answer 14

Tissues for protection
Tissues for storage
Tissues for strength and support
Tissues for transport
Tissues for growth.

Question 15

what kind of tissue provides protection to a plant?

Answer 15

epidermis

Question 16

here is the structure for the epidermis
give me the function that corresponds to the structure

1 A layer of cells covers the surface of the entire plant.

2 The layer is thin and transparent.

3 Epidermal tissues have abundant trichomes which are tiny hairs projecting from the surface of the epidermis.

4 Root hairs are elongations of epidermal cells in the root

5 Epidermal tissues in leaves are covered with a waxy cuticle

6 Epidermal tissues contain guard cells containing chloroplasts

7 Some plant epidermal cells can secrete poisonous or bad-tasting substances

Answer 16

1 Acts as a barrier to fungi and other microorganisms and pathogens.

2 Allow for light to pass through, thereby allowing for photosynthesis in the tissues below.

3 Trichomes are abundant in some plant leaves. Leaf trichomes trap water in the area above the stomata and prevent water loss

4 Root hairs maximise the surface area over which absorption of water from the soil can occur

5 The waxy outer layer on the epidermis prevents water loss from leaves.

6 Guard cells control the opening and closing of the pores known as stomata thus controlling water loss in plants.

7 The bitter taste of the substances deters browsing and grazing by animals

Question 17

() are mainly found on the underside of leaves. two () surround a small opening called the stoma (singular, Stomata plural). When the stoma is open, gases – like oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapour – can enter and exit the leaf.

() are the only epidermal cells that contain chloroplasts.

Answer 17

Guard cells

Question 18

() is generally found just below the epidermis and it forms the majority of stems, roots, and soft fruit
It is also responsible for the storage of nutrients and therefore a storage tissue type.

Some () cells retain the ability to divide, allowing them to replace damaged cells.

Answer 18

parenchyma

Question 19

regarding the parenchyma, give the structure of…

cells:

intercellular spaces:

vacuoles:

specialised parenchyma cells:

Answer 19

Cells: Thin-walled

Intercellular spaces: Present between cells

Vacuoles: Large and central

Specialised parenchyma cells: Chlorenchyma (found in plant leaves contain chloroplasts)

Question 20

regarding the parenchyma, give the function of…

cells:

intercellular spaces:

vacuoles:

specialised parenchyma cells:

Answer 20

cells: Allows for close packing and rapid diffusion between cells.

intercellular spaces: Allow for the diffusion of gases.

vacuoles: Allows the cells to store and regulate ions, waste products, and water - also provides support

specialised parenchyma cells: Chloroplasts present to allow them to perform photosynthesis and are responsible for the storage of starch

Question 21

Chlorenchyma contains {} needed for photosynthesis.

Answer 21

chlorophyll

Question 22

where can i generally find the collenchyma?

Answer 22

Collenchyma is generally found under the epidermis of stems (shoots) and leaves of plants.

Question 23

regarding the collenchyma, give me the structure of the…

cells:

cell wall corners:

cell wall sides:

Answer 23

Cells: Spherical, oval, or polygonal in shape with no or few intercellular spaces.

Cell wall corners: Corners are thickened, with cellulose and pectin deposits

Cell wall sides: Thin-walled on most side

Question 24

regarding the collenchyma, gimme the function of…

cells:

cell wall corners:

cell wall sides:

Answer 24

cells: Allows for cells to be packaged closely together providing structural support.

cell wall corners: Provides mechanical strength and support.

cell wall sides: Provides flexibility, allowing plants to bend in the wind.

Question 25

where can i find dat sclerenchyma eh?

Answer 25

Sclerenchyma is found in many stems and roots as well as some fruits and the shells of nuts.

Question 26

as what type of tissue can we classify the sclerenchyma?

Answer 26

It is also classified as simple, permanent tissue.

Question 27

as you should know, the sclerenchyma is used for support and strength within a plant buuut we get two types of sclerenchyma cells name them (dont define em yet tho, or do if you want idc)

Answer 27

Fibres Sclereids

Question 28

the sclerenchyma is divided into fibres and sclereids define what fibres are, as well as the structure and function

Answer 28

Sclerenchyma fibres are narrow and long fibres with thick lignified cell walls. This is for strength and it allows the plant to conduct water Structure: The cells are dead (the content of the cell dies and disintegrates as the cell matures) and have lignified (‘infused’ with lignin) secondary cell walls. Function: This provides strength and structural support to the plant. The lignin provides a “wire-like” strength, this ensures that the plant does not tear easily.

Question 29

the sclerenchyma is divided into fibres and sclereids define what sclereids are, as well as the structure and function

Answer 29

Sclereids or stone cells are specialised sclerenchyma cells with thickened pits that are highly lignified as well and they run through the cell walls. These cells support the soft tissue of pears and guavas and are also found in the shells of some nuts. (That gritty texture when you bite into a pear is due to the sclereids). They are small, round, and hard. Structure: Have strong walls which almost fill the entire volume of the cell. Function: Provide the hardness felt in fruit-like pears. These structures are used to protect other cells.

Question 30

the xylem and phloem are responsible for...

Answer 30

transport

Question 31

where can we most commonly find the xylem?

Answer 31

The xylem is found in the roots, stems, and leaves of plants.

Question 32

what is the xylem responsible for?

Answer 32

It is responsible for supporting the plant by transporting dissolved mineral salts and water.

Question 33

what is the xylem made of?

Answer 33

The xylem is made up of tracheids, vessels (with thickened walls), fibres, and parenchyma cells. The vessels and tracheids die at maturity causing them to become hollow, which in turn allows for the transport of water. Xylem cells also have pits or openings in the cell walls, these allow water to move from cell to cell across the plant. They are both also thickened with lignin in their secondary walls, to provide strength and support.

Question 34

what are xylem vessels made of?

Answer 34

are made up of a long chain of straight, tough, dead cells. We call these vessel elements. The vessel elements are long and hollow forming long tubes on top of each other – arranged from end to end. They do not overlap. Where the point of contact between two cells is dissolved away – forming continuous tubes up the length of the plant. Water can therefore easily travel up these tubes, from the roots to the leaves. The thickening of the cell walls of the vessels and tracheids ensures that the tubes can withstand the pressure of water inside of them while supporting the plant.

Question 35

what do tracheids do?

Answer 35

Tracheids provide support through the formation of their thick walls. They also do not have end openings like vessels and their ends overlap with one another. They have pairs of pits present which allow water to pass through horizontally from cell to cell

Question 36

function and structure of xylem cells

Answer 36

Structure: Long cells Function: Form effective conducting tubes for water and minerals

Question 37

function and structure of xylem organelles

Answer 37

Structure: Dead cells: no cytoplasm Function: No obstruction to water transport

Question 38

function and structure of xylem cell walls

Answer 38

Structure: Thick, lignified walls Function: Support the plant and are strong enough to resist the suction force of transpiration pull, so they don’t collapse.

Question 39

function and structure of xylem openings/pits

Answer 39

Structure: Pits in cell walls. Function: Allow lateral water transport to neighbouring cells.

Question 40

function and structure of xylem tracheids

Answer 40

Structure: Tracheids have tapered ends. Function: Improved flexibility of the stem in wind.

Question 41

function and structure of xylem vessels

Answer 41

Structure: Vessel elements have open ends. Function: Water is transported directly to the next cell.

Question 42

function and structure of xylem intercellular spaces

Answer 42

Structure: No intercellular spaces. Function: Added support for the stem

Question 43

function and structure of xylem parenchyma cells

Answer 43

Structure: Living parenchyma cells in between the xylem. Function: Form vascular rays for water transport to the cortex of the stem.

Question 44

function and structure of xylem secondary walls

Answer 44

Structure: Patterns of secondary wall thickening. Function: Improve flexibility of the stem in wind and allow the stem to stretch as it lengthens.

Question 45

where can we usually find the phloem?

Answer 45

The phloem tissue is found in the roots, stems, and leaves of plants

Question 46

what is the phloem responsible for?

Answer 46

it's responsible for transporting organic nutrients (produced during photosynthesis). The food of the plant.

Question 47

what is the phloem made up of?

Answer 47

It is made up of living tissue and is made up of the following types of cells: Sieve elements, companion cells, and parenchyma cells.

Question 48

structure and function of phloem sieve tubes?

Answer 48

Structure: long conducting cells with cellulose in cell walls. Function: good for conducting tubes over long distances. Allows for transfer over a large area Sieve tubes: these are used for the transport of sucrose (plant food) and lie end to end forming long tubes. The end walls of sieve tubes are called sieve plates. They have small holes in them (like a sieve).

Question 49

structure and function of phloem organelles?

Answer 49

Structure: Contain a large number of ribosomes and mitochondria Function: Due to the absence of organelles or nuclei in sieve tubes, companion cells perform cellular functions in sieve tubes.

Question 50

structure and function of phloem intercellular connections?

Answer 50

Structure: has many plasmodesmata (intercellular connections) in the walls attached to sieve tubes. Function: allows for the transfer of sucrose-containing sap over a large area.

Question 51

structure and function of phloem organelles?

Answer 51

Structure: living cells with no nucleus or organelles (like vacuoles or ribosomes). Function: allows for more space to transport sap. Also, why do they need companion cells (to carry out all cellular functions)?