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Introduction to Virology Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

First human virus identified

A

Yellow Fever - 1901

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2
Q

types of viral classification?

A

disease mode of transmission structure biochemical characteristics

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3
Q

Most consistent viral classification?

A

physical and biochemical characteristics (type of genome, presence or absence of envelope)

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4
Q

Main characteristics of viral classification?

A

nature of nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) symmetry of capsid presence or absence of envelope size

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5
Q

virus size and structure

A

ranges from 20nm - 300 nm nucleic acid protein shell or capsid envelope or naked

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6
Q

DNA Viruses and genomes

A

parvovirus (SS, linear) hepadnavirus (DS, circular) papillomavirus (DS, circular) polyomavirus (DS, circular) adenovirus (DS, linear) herpesvirus (DS, linear) poxvirus (DS, linear)

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7
Q

RNA viruses and genomes

A

Picornaviruses (SS+) Calicivirus (SS+) Astrovirus (SS+) Reovirus (DS +/-) Togavirus (SS+) Flavivirus (SS+) Rhabdovirus (SS-) Paramyxovirus (SS-) Orthomyxovirus (SS-) Retrovirus (SS+) Filovirus (SS-) Arenavirus (SS-) Bunyavirus (SS-) Coronavirus (SS+)

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8
Q

Capsid

A

protein coat surrounding the nucleic acid

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9
Q

Capsomers

A

repeating protein subunits that make up the capsid

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10
Q

protomers

A

polypeptide chains that make up the capsomers

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11
Q

capsid structure

A

helical or icosahedral

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12
Q

helical capsid

A

composed of multiple copies of a single kind of protein subunit in a close-packed helix

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13
Q

virion

A

the complete virus particle

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14
Q

nucleocapsid

A

capsid proteins associated with the viral nucleic acid

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15
Q

nucleoprotein

A

proteins associated with the viral nucleic acid

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16
Q

viral envelope

A

membrane composed of lipids, proteins, and glycoproteins. virus encoded envelope proteins or “spikes” serve as viral attachment proteins

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17
Q

what forms the viral envelope?

A

cellular membranes

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18
Q

bacteriophage

A

viruses that infect bacteria

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19
Q

prions

A

abnormal, pathogenic agents that are transmissible able to induce normal folding of specific normal cellular prion proteins found in the brain

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20
Q

human prion diseases

A

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) Variant CJD Gerstmann-Stausler-Scheinker Syndrome Fatal Familial Insomnia Kuru

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21
Q

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)

A

Occurs sporadically spontaneous transformation of normal prion proteins into abnormal prions occurs worldwide risk increases with age *risk of transmission with improperly sterilized instruments*

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22
Q

variant CJD and Mad Cow Disease

A

1996 in UK Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle

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23
Q

basic viral life cycle

A

attachment and entry, replication, release

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24
Q

viral life cycle - attachment

A

external viral proteins attach to receptors on cell (normal cell surface components)

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25
viral life cycle - entry
fusion with cell membrane (at cell membrane or endosome) receptor-mediated endocytosis
26
viral receptor
one determinant of tropism
27
RNA virus genomes
+ or - polarity SS or DS circular or linear unimolecular or segmented
28
Where does RNA virus replication occur?
in cytoplasm (except retrovirus and influenza)
29
What enzyme do RNA viruses have to encode?
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase!! enzyme doesn't have proofreading capabilities
30
RNA virus replication
Attachment, entry, uncaring, replication, gene expression, assembly, release
31
DNA virus genome
SS or DS circular or linear
32
Where does DNA virus replication occur?
in the nucleus (except poxvirus)
33
Where do the materials required for replication of DNA viruses come from?
Contained within the host cells --potential for host cell transformation
34
How are newly infectious viruses released from the cell? (Naked vs. Enveloped)
Naked: lysis of cell to release visions Enveloped: budding of virus through cell membrane and release without necessarily killing the cell
35
Viruses that cause AIDS?
HIV-1
36
Viruses that cause Hepatitis?
HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, HEV, CMV, EBV
37
Viruses that cause cancer?
HPV, HCV, EBV, HBV, HHV-8, HTLV-I
38
Viruses that cause encephalitis?
HSV, togaviruses, flaviviruses, rabies, picornavirus
39
Viruses that cause meningitis?
Enteroviruses, mumps, HSV-2, VZV
40
Viruses that cause GI tract diseases?
Rotavirus, caliciviruses, adenoviruses (40, 41)
41
Viruses that cause the common cold?
Rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, adenovirsues
42
Viruses that cause lower respiratory tract diseases?
Influenza, parainfluenza, ReSV, adenoviruses
43
Viruses that cause congenital and neonatal infections?
CMV, Parvovirus B19, rubella, HSV, HIV, lymphocytic choriomeningitis
44
Modes of virus transmission?
direct contact (skin, saliva, fomites) injection zoonotic mother-to-infant fecal-oral urogenital alimentary respiratory
45
Respiratory transmission Localized infections vs. disseminated infections
Localized: influenza, common cold (rhino, corona, adeno) Disseminated: varicella-zoster, measles
46
important viruses transmitted via fecal-oral
picornavirus, rotavirus, reovirus, calicivirus, astrovirus, adenovirus
47
what kind of infection do viruses transmitted via fecal-oral route cause?
localized infections -- GI symptoms such as diarrhea and vomiting
48
Norovirus transmission and acute disease outbreak?
fecal-oral transmission cruise ships, daycare centers, nursing homes
49
Rotavirus transmission and disease in major population?
fecal-oral 50% of acute gastroenteritis in infants and children under 2 years old
50
Viruses transmitted via fecal-oral that cause disease at secondary sites
picornavirus family (enteroviruses, hepatitis A) Hepatitis E
51
viruses that cause chronic disease?
HIV, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, HTLV-1
52
Key principles of Epidemiology?
Nature of agent Nature of transmitting event Nature of susceptible hosts
53
What are emerging viral infections caused by?
viruses that continue to find susceptible, vulnerable populations viruses that continue to evolve viruses that are introduced into humans from other species
54
Category A agents?
greatest potential threat for harming public health (potential use in bioterrorism) ex, smallpox
55
viral quasispecies
heterogenous group of sequences clustering around a consensus important for pathogenesis, viral emergence, drug resistance, and vaccine escape
56
best tool for controlling viruses? other ways to control viruses?
prophylaxis (preventative treatment) vaccines universal precautions for handling of blood and body fluids education
57
lytic infections?
viral infections that kill the cell
58
persistent infections?
don't cause cell death -- can be chronic, latent, recurrent, or transforming
59
requirements for a virus to establish persistent infection, it must be able to...
limit it's cytolytic effects maintain its genome within host cells avoid elimination by the host's immune system
60
What is a syncytia and how is it formed?
mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei neighboring cells can be triggered to fuse by expression of cell surface glycoproteins of some viruses (HIV, herpes, Respiratory Syncytial virus)
61
methods for laboratory diagnosis of viral disease?
culture of virus followed by indirect examination of infection direct examination of virus (nucleic acid, proteins) serology
62
best mode of detection of viral disease?
dependent on unique characteristics of each virus and the viral life cycle in the host.
63
hemeagglutination?
when viruses contain proteins to bind to erythrocytes
64
criteria for diagnosing primary infections via serology
4fold or more increase in titer of IgG or total antibody between acute and convalescent sera presence of IgM seroconversion single high titer of IgG
65
detection of IgM or rising titers of IgG indicate active disease caused by which viruses?
Rubella and Hepatitis A
66
serology would not be effective for which types of viruses? why not?
respiratory and diarrheal viruses because they produce clinical disease before the appearance of antibodies
67
methods of direct examination in laboratory diagnosis of viral disease
visualization by electron microscopy histological appearance of inclusion bodies detection of viral antigens detection of viral nucleic acid
68
method to detect viral genomes via PCR
virus containing specimen --\> purify nucleic acid --\> amplify with primers and visualize presence of viral genome

Virology (2 decks)

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