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Introduction to ZTA - Planning considerations for ZTA Flashcards

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1
Q

What does ZTA stand for?

A

Zero Trust Architecture

ZTA is a security model that requires strict identity verification for every person and device trying to access resources on a network.

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2
Q

What is the nature of implementing ZTA?

A

It is a process that depends on various factors

Implementation of ZTA is not a one-off task but involves multiple stages and considerations.

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3
Q

Name one factor that affects the implementation of ZTA.

A

The maturity level of the organization’s security approach

This includes aspects like asset mapping, classification, and identity and access management.

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4
Q

What is a key consideration regarding existing technology when implementing ZTA?

A

The amount of existing legacy technology and its criticality

Organizations need to evaluate how legacy systems impact ZTA implementation.

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5
Q

How does organizational culture affect ZTA implementation?

A

It influences the skills and expertise available

A supportive culture can facilitate a smoother transition to ZTA.

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6
Q

What does risk management form in a cybersecurity approach?

A

The core of any competent cybersecurity approach

Risk management is essential for guiding ZTA migration tactics.

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7
Q

True or False: ZT migration tactics are independent of the organization’s risk profile.

A

False

ZT migration tactics depend on the risk profile and risk appetite of the organization.

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8
Q

What does CISA’s ZT Maturity Model provide?

A

A reference roadmap for organizations transitioning to ZTA

It outlines stages and pillars crucial for implementing Zero Trust.

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9
Q

How many pillars does the CISA ZT Maturity Model consist of?

A

Five pillars

These pillars form the foundations for Zero Trust Architecture.

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10
Q

Fill in the blank: The migration to ZT will follow a _______ approach with numerous iterations.

A

risk-based

This approach helps organizations tailor their ZT implementation to their specific needs.

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11
Q

What are the three cross-functional capabilities in the CISA ZT Maturity Model?

A

Not specified in the text

The text mentions three cross-functional capabilities but does not detail them.

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12
Q

What is the first step in the ZT implementation process?

A

Analysis of the organization’s needs at a high level

This involves understanding the reasons for adopting ZT and identifying critical assets.

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13
Q

What role does the ZT champion play in the implementation process?

A

Guides the organization’s decision makers in answering key questions about ZT adoption

This includes assessing mission relevance, criticality, and opportunity costs.

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14
Q

List three questions that organizations should consider when analyzing their needs for ZT.

A
  • Why should the organization consider adopting ZT?
  • What are the critical assets to be protected?
  • What is the mission relevance and criticality of ZT to the organization?
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15
Q

True or False: Support from senior leadership is critical for successful ZT adoption.

A

True

Without senior leadership support, ZT adoption efforts may be disconnected.

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16
Q

What are the opportunity costs associated with in the context of ZT adoption?

A

The costs of adopting ZT versus not adopting ZT

This includes evaluating potential losses or missed benefits.

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17
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ is responsible for identifying key stakeholders in ZT planning.

A

[organization]

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18
Q

Who are key stakeholders that should be involved in ZT implementation?

A
  • Business/service owners
  • Application owners
  • Infrastructure owners
  • Service architecture owners
  • CISO/security teams
  • Legal officers
  • Compliance officers
  • Procurement officers
  • Any other relevant management
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19
Q

What is a critical element for ensuring successful adoption of ZT?

A

Support from senior leadership

Engagement of all key stakeholders is also necessary for comprehensive planning.

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20
Q

What is the significance of identifying existing gaps in an organization’s culture regarding ZT?

A

To assess if the organization is a cultural fit for ZT

Identifying gaps helps in planning for necessary cultural adjustments.

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21
Q

How urgent is the ZT adoption and migration determined?

A

By assessing organizational priorities and risks

This urgency can shape the timeline and approach to ZT implementation.

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22
Q

What are success metrics in the context of ZT adoption?

A

Criteria used to evaluate the effectiveness of ZT implementation

These metrics help in measuring progress and outcomes.

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23
Q

Why is effective team collaboration important in organizations?

A

It is critical when assessing the application and server access landscape across the organization.

Effective collaboration helps in identifying issues and planning for future improvements.

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24
Q

What must groups have in place for effective collaboration?

A

Cross-team communications channels and processes for collating findings.

These elements are essential for sharing information and coordinating efforts.

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25
What is the purpose of collating findings from team collaborations?
For future planning. ## Footnote This ensures that insights gained from collaboration can inform subsequent actions and strategies.
26
What may the planning process span based on?
A formalized roadmap. ## Footnote A roadmap provides a structured approach to planning and executing projects.
27
True or False: Effective team collaboration does not require any formal processes.
False. ## Footnote Formal processes are necessary for effective communication and planning.
28
Fill in the blank: Effective team collaboration across multiple groups is critical when assessing the _______.
[application and server access landscape] ## Footnote This refers to the overall environment in which applications and servers operate.
29
What does the organization need to determine regarding its internal approaches and processes?
The level of maturity of its internal approaches and processes
30
List the areas that the organization should assess for maturity.
* Governance * Risk management * Compliance * Asset management * Identity and access management * Cybersecurity
31
What are the two states that processes and approaches could be in?
* Fully optimized and automated * Ad-hoc and informal
32
Why is determining the level of maturity important for the organization?
It helps create a realistic plan for initial adoption of ZT principles and a roadmap for future steps
33
What should the organization analyze concerning the seven ZTA pillars?
Existing processes, procedures, and technical solutions related to ZT
34
What are examples of specific processes to analyze under ZT?
* Asset/data inventory and classification * Authentication and authorization * Network segmentation * Encryption and key management * Secure software development lifecycle (SDLC) management * Continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD) * Monitoring and analytics * Transaction flows
35
What opportunities do organizations with greenfield and/or cloud-native IT infrastructures have?
To build ZT into the design of their IT and OT systems from the ground up
36
Fill in the blank: The organization should analyze each one of the seven ZTA _______ identified earlier in this training.
[pillars]
37
What will facilitate the definition of realistic short and medium/long-term goals?
The understanding of the organizational and technological status quo ## Footnote This understanding helps in assessing what is achievable.
38
What is the final objective of the organization regarding ZTA?
To create a complete transformation to ZTA or to establish a hybrid of ZTA and legacy perimeter-based controls.
39
What percentage of resources will be affected by the ZT migration?
The organization needs to determine this percentage.
40
What are the priorities that need to be addressed immediately?
Identifying immediate priorities is essential for effective goal setting.
41
What are quick wins or low hanging fruit?
Opportunities that can be easily achieved to gain momentum.
42
What are prerequisites or upstream dependencies?
Conditions or resources needed before moving forward with goals.
43
What should be assessed regarding existing foundations?
Whether there are existing foundations to start from.
44
What is the level of executive mandate?
Determining the level of support and authority from executives.
45
What are the key components of a strategy in goal setting?
Defining a clear strategy is crucial.
46
What role does budget play in goal setting?
Understanding the budget is critical for planning and execution.
47
What is the importance of a roadmap in goal setting?
A roadmap outlines the steps and timeline for achieving goals.
48
What is the purpose of defining use cases in ZTA?
To understand the organization’s needs for ZTA and its applications ## Footnote Use cases help in identifying specific scenarios where Zero Trust Architecture can be applied.
49
What is crucial for a successful ZTA deployment?
Effective team collaboration ## Footnote Collaboration ensures all team members and stakeholders are aligned in their efforts.
50
What should organizations establish for team collaboration during ZTA deployment?
A unified collaboration plan ## Footnote This can be in the form of a Kanban board or a software-based collaboration platform.
51
What should be centralized on the collaboration platform?
All project communications regarding ZTA deployment ## Footnote Centralization facilitates better tracking and management of communications.
52
What is the first action item after establishing a collaboration plan?
Determine assets involved and what needs protection ## Footnote This can be accomplished through a risk analysis or assessment.
53
Who are the principals in scope for ZTA?
Humans, machines, and processes ## Footnote These are the entities that will interact with the ZTA.
54
What does IAM stand for in the context of ZTA?
Identity and Access Management ## Footnote IAM is critical for managing user identities and their access to resources.
55
What must be determined regarding processes in scope for ZTA?
Existing processes that need to change and new processes needed ## Footnote This ensures that all necessary adjustments are made for effective ZTA implementation.
56
What must be selected as part of ZTA planning?
The service architecture ## Footnote This defines how services will be structured within the ZTA framework.
57
What must be designed in the ZTA planning process?
The data and process flow ## Footnote This outlines how data will move and be processed across systems.
58
What must be chosen regarding ZTA implementation?
The ZT implementation model and approach ## Footnote Different models may suit different organizational needs and contexts.
59
What types of policies need to be defined in ZTA?
Both new policies and changes to existing policies ## Footnote Policies govern the rules and guidelines for ZTA operations.
60
What is the purpose of testing in the ZTA process?
To evaluate/select the technology or solution ## Footnote Testing ensures that the chosen technology meets the organization’s requirements.
61
What is involved in the implementation phase of ZTA?
Develop/deploy/deliver the selected approach/solution ## Footnote This is where the planning translates into actionable steps.
62
What should be monitored post-ZTA implementation?
Security and performance issues ## Footnote Ongoing monitoring is critical to ensure the effectiveness of ZTA.
63
What should be planned for routine testing in ZTA?
ZTA security control ## Footnote Regular testing helps identify vulnerabilities and areas for improvement.
64
What actions should be taken based on monitoring results?
Adapt/review/improve the ZTA implementation ## Footnote Continuous improvement is essential for maintaining security and efficiency.
65
What should organizations do to ensure the relevance of the ZTA process?
Extend the scope/reiterate the relevant steps of the process ## Footnote This allows for adjustments based on new insights or changes in the environment.
66
What is a key risk associated with implementing a Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA)?
Failure of the ZTA operational elements such as PDP or PEP ## Footnote This could hinder users and affected applications from authenticating/operating properly.
67
What is the impact of failing ZTA operational elements?
Access to the secured assets could be compromised ## Footnote This emphasizes the importance of reliable operational elements in ZTA.
68
What mitigation tactic can be employed to address the failure of ZTA operational elements?
Deploying a high availability system and/or a failover mechanism ## Footnote This ensures continuity in case of operational failures.
69
What risk arises from incorrect implementation of ZTA?
Incorrect implementation and compromised operations ## Footnote Gaps may be left due to incorrect assessments of the solution.
70
How can organizations mitigate risks associated with incorrect ZTA implementation?
A preplanned set of procedures and assessment steps created to validate the ZT implementation ## Footnote This ensures thorough evaluation before full-scale implementation.
71
What is the consequence of having a manual interface between two systems in ZTA?
Security level is reduced, leaving potential gaps in defenses ## Footnote Responses to security incidents may use incorrect procedures as a result.
72
What should be performed early in ZTA's design stages to mitigate risks?
Comprehensive analysis of sensitive data and acceptable routes ## Footnote This helps identify potential vulnerabilities in the architecture.
73
What issues arise from remote API calls in ZTA?
Lack of API protocol support, API request inspection, data leakage monitoring, and API discovery ## Footnote Complexity in parsing API requests and the existence of deprecated versions also contribute to these issues.
74
What is a recommended solution to address complexities in handling API requests?
Implement support for all relevant parsers ## Footnote Providing the right controls to protect sensitive data like PII is also crucial.
75
What is a challenge associated with hybrid implementation of ZTA?
Unforeseen resource misallocations that could significantly increase implementation costs and deadlines ## Footnote This complexity arises from co-existing legacy or non-ZTA environments.
76
What must be addressed before implementing ZTA to ensure compatibility?
Incompatibility with the legacy systems ## Footnote Interoperability with legacy systems is paramount to successful ZTA implementation.
77
How can ZTA integration with existing infrastructure be managed?
ZTA integration can be carried out in incremental phases with validation processes and backout contingencies ## Footnote This approach minimizes risks associated with integration.
78
What may create vulnerabilities that ZTA was intended to mitigate?
Fielding of partial or incomplete ZTA solutions
79
What could result from vulnerabilities present within the ZTA?
Technical and/or reputational exposures to the organization
80
What should be validated to ensure proper ZTA adoption?
The ZTA adoption strategy is properly conceived
81
What must organizational leadership understand about the initial ZTA implementation?
It will not be the final end state and will require continuous, iterative development
82
What is a risk of fielding ZTA solutions without proper operational sustainment?
Inconsistent enterprise baselines of fielded technologies
83
What can deteriorated or expended solutions lead to?
Elevated technical and reputational risk to the organization
84
What should the ZTA adoption strategy cover?
Both the initial deployment and long-term costs
85
Fill in the blank: Fielding of ZTA solutions without proper _______ planning can expose organizations to risks.
operational sustainment/maintenance

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