Introductory

Question 1

Epidemiology

Answer 1

• study of patterns of disease in large groups of people

- incidence and prevalence

Question 2

Non-Modifable Factors

Answer 2

• heredity
• age
• race/ethnicity
• gender

Question 3

Clinical Manifestations

Answer 3

• signs: objective ad measurable

- symptoms: subjective

Question 4

Etiology

Answer 4

• study of the causes of disease
• intrinsic
• extrinsic
• idiopathic: unknown pathology
• iatrogenic: related to medical intervention

Question 5

Mutation

Answer 5

• inherited alteration of genetic material
  1. base pair substitution: one base pair is sub for another
  2. frameshift mutation: greater adverse impact; add or deletion of one base pair

Question 6

Aneuploidy

Answer 6

• abnormal number of chromosomes
• normal = 23 pairs
• one missing or one extra
• due to nondisjunction

Question 7

Monosomy

Answer 7

• Aneuploidy

- Turner Syndrome: single X chromosome

Question 8

Trisomy

Answer 8

• Aneuploidy
• Klinefelter: XXY (extra chromosome)
• Trisomy 21
• Triple X syndrome

Question 9

Single Gene Disorders

Answer 9

• caused by a single gene that is defective or mutated
• autosomal recessive or dominant
• X-linked

Question 10

Autosomal Recessive

Answer 10

• both parents contribute a gene where both must have a recessive gene for disease to occur (will be rr)
• 25%, 50%, 25%

Question 11

Autosomal Dominant

Answer 11

• only need one dominant gene for the disease to occur (only ONE parent gene needed)
• 50/50

Question 12

X-Linked

Answer 12

• males inherit these type of diseases from their mother

- females become carriers

Question 13

Multifactoral Disorders

Answer 13

• caused by a number of genes acting together and influenced by environmental factors
• ex. CV diseases, cancers, diabetes mellitus, bi-polar disorder

Question 14

Other Etiological Processes

Answer 14

Obstruction

• “tube”
• mechanical: ex. obstruction of plyorus
• functional: below threshold individual appears normal; above it individual is affected by disease

Degeneration

Trauma

• mechanical: motor vehicle collisions, crush injuries, falls
• exposure to extremes in temp., chemicals or radiation

Question 15

Levels of Prevention

Answer 15

• Primary: prevent disease from occurring
• Secondary: early detection
• Tertiary: prevent deterioration/ complications