Introductory Lecture Flashcards
What percent of the worlds resources do cities consume
80% but only occupy 2% of its land
What rate are people moving to urban areas
1.3 million per week
Global population that is 70% urban by 2020
What does ‘the Rookery’ mean
The idea of urbanisation as criminogenic
What was the impact of the first industrial revolution on urban populations
Huge migration of populations from the country-side to residence, work, and leisure in cities
What are ‘nomads’
Rootless people with little investment in the welfare of the places they live - investment instead to immediate gratification such as drugs/violence
What does Mayhew argue that slum dwellers views are of society are
Slum dwellers chose to reject civil society and the more disciplined life of the ‘respectable class’
These people are a threat to ‘providence’ - idea of self discipline in the pursuit of future self improvement
What does Graham and Clarke say about unregulated sexualties
Threatened the reproductive capacity and moral order of the nation
Homosexual men had to be imprisoned and prostitutes labelled as deviant
When did the eugenics movement begin
1880s
What is the eugenics movement
The movement focused on the idea that people’s mental and physical abilities were determined by their genetics
Those considered unfit or degenerate were a threat to the superior races and should be prevented from reproducing
What is British Imperialism
Racial ideology which considered the white upper and middle class to be superior and civilised
What was the fear of ‘alien’ cultures
Belief that immigration was linked to crime and competition for resources
What was the result of the fear of alien cultures
collapse of community cohesion
Riots driven my growing socialist movements - protestors targeting wealthy areas
Fear of revolution
What did Mayhew say the fear of unregulated sexualities is
Mayhew highlighted concerns about the lack of chastity among poor women which reflected broader fears about crime and social instability in Victorian cities
What was unregulated sexualities a threat to
The cities moral values and economic progress
Eugenics movement interested in controlling sexuality
Why was prostitution seen as a danger
Promoted recreational sex which was viewed as self-indulgent and disconnected from reproduction
What did Engels 1845 argue in the condition of the working class
Conditions of social inequality pulled the poor into crime (rather than moral choices)
When was the period of high modernity
1900 - 1970s
What happened during the period of high modernity
Rapid urban growth in North America and Western Europe
Cities expanded into suburbs, creating a distinction between stable residential/commuter areas and inner-city zones experiencing constant changes as new people moved in and upwardly mobile people moved out
Where are the zones of transition
Inner city areas
What are the characteristics of the zone in transition
Disorganised
High crime
What did Shaw and McKay say about the zone in transition
Juvenile delinquents would be concentrated in this zone because of its socially disorganised qualities
Absence of adult guardianship and authority of juvenilles
What happened in the mid-20th century urban reconstruction
Slum clearance and the rise of the council estate
What were 20th century slum clearance programmes
Relocation of inner city residents to newly built municipal or ‘council’ housing estates with semi-attached houses and generous gardens
Aimed to facilitate a healthier transition for adolescence to adulthood
What was the downfall of slum clearance programmes
Optimistic
Crime had become routinised in everyday life
