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Nutrition Final > Introductory Material > Flashcards

Introductory Material Flashcards

1
Q

Number one malnutrition disease in cats and dogs?

A

Obesity

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2
Q

What is an essential nutrient?

A

The body cannot synthesize it - “indispensable”

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3
Q

What is a conditionally essential nutrient?

A

Required during certain physiological or pathological conditions

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4
Q

What is a nonessential nutrient?

A

The body can synthesize it - “dispensable”

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5
Q

Proximate analysis gives what information?

A
  • Moisture
  • Crude fiber
  • Fat
  • Protein
  • Ash
  • Carbohydrate
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6
Q

Which parts of proximate analysis are included on label?

A
  • Moisture
  • Crude fiber
  • Fat
  • Protein
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7
Q

What does “complete and balanced” pet food mean?

A

Feeding a set amount of food to meet animal’s energy requirements will also meet the animal’s non-energy nutrient requirements.

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8
Q

Energy content of food

A
  • Gross Energy (GE) gives off Digestible Energy (DE) and energy lost in feces
  • Digestible Energy (DE) gives off Metabolizable Energy (ME) and energy lost in urine and gases from the gastrointestinal tract
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9
Q

How to do food dose determination

A
  • DER = RER x maintenance factor (need sheet)
  • RER = 30(BWtkg) + 70
  • Energy requirement / energy density of food
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10
Q

Daily water requirements?

A
  • Dogs: 1.6 x RER

- Cats: 1.2 x RER

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11
Q

What are mono- and disaccharides? Examples

A

Simple sugars. Ex: glucose, lactose, sucrose

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12
Q

What are oligosaccharides?

A

6-9 sugar units, often found in legumes and not very digestible. Ex: raffinose, stachyose, verbascose

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13
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

> 9 sugar units. Ex: starches, glycogens, cellulose

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14
Q

Soluble vs. insoluble bonds

A

-alpha-glycosidic bonds = soluble (digestible)
Ex: simple starch, glycogen
-beta-glycosidic bonds = insoluble (indigestible)
Ex: dietary fiber

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15
Q

Why are carbohydrates used in pet foods? (i.e. they are not just a filler)

A
  • Conditionally essential during pregnancy, lactation, growth, and high athleticism
  • Used as an energy
  • Provide structure to food
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16
Q

Dogs and cats lack which salivary enzyme

A

Salivary alpha-amylase

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17
Q

Food digestion occurs where in the cat and dog?

A
  • Little digestion takes place in stomach
  • Small intestines use pancreatic alpha-amylase and brush-border enzymes
  • Large intestines ferment undigested and unabsorbed carbohydrates
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18
Q

Define fiber

A
  • Complex carbohydrate (insoluble)
  • Resistant to mammalian digestive enzymes
  • Found in plants
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19
Q

Methods of determining fiber concentrations

A
  • Crude fiber: assay developed for wood pulp industry, inaccurate
  • Total dietary fiber (TDF): chemical method, more complete detection of fiber
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20
Q

What are the uses of fiber?

A
  • Produces SCFA
  • Energy source for large intestine cells
  • Promote acidic environment
  • Promote water and electrolyte absorption
  • Influences numbers and types of bacteria found in large intestine
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21
Q

Examples of soluble and insoluble fibers

A
  • Soluble: pectin, gums, mucilages, hemicelluloses (psyllium husks)
  • Insoluble: hemicelluloses (vegetables), cellulose, modified cellulose, lignin
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22
Q

Characteristics of rapidly fermented fibers

A
  • Water soluble (form viscous gels)
  • Readily fermented in large intestine
  • Bind minerals (cations)
  • Bind digestive enzymes
  • Slow nutrient absorption
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23
Q

Characteristics of slowly fermented fibers

A
  • Insoluble in water
  • Resistant to bacterial fermentation
  • Do not bind digestive enzymes
  • Do not bind minerals
  • Slow nutrient absorption
24
Q

What has the most % dietary fiber and what has the least? (of the soluble fibers)

A

Peanut hulls have the most, rice has the least

25
Q

What is the required amount of fiber in the diet?

A

Between 1-4%

26
Q

What is the primary structure of protein?

A

Amino acid sequence

27
Q

What is the secondary structure of protein?

A

alpha-helices, beta-sheets, or random coils

28
Q

What is the tertiary structure of protein?

A

folding and bending of polypeptide chain that produces biological activity

29
Q

What is the quaternary structure of protein?

A

H+, electrostatic, and ionic bonds between polypeptide chains

30
Q

Where are proteins digested?

A
  • Stomach: pepsin and HCl

- Small intestines: pancreatic enzymes and brush border enzymes

31
Q

Methods of determining protein quality

A

-Crude protein (CP, Kjeldahl method: N-determination, which is not necessarily protein
in vivo methodology: true amino acid digestibility
-Digestibility: apparent digestibility (CP - fecal protein) or true digestibility (CP - ilial protein)

32
Q

Functions of dietary lipids

A
  • Add palatability and texture
  • Provide dense calorie source
  • Stored as energy
  • Promote fat soluble vitamin absorption
33
Q

What does saturated mean?

A

No double bonds

34
Q

What does unsaturated mean?

A

Double bonds

35
Q

Linoleic acid, n-3 or n-6?

A

n-6

36
Q

Linolenic acid, n-3 or n-6?

A

n-3

37
Q

Arachidonic acid, n-3 or n-6?

A

n-6

38
Q

Why do cats need arachidonic acid in their diet?

A

Cats cannot elongate linoleic acid to make arachidonic acid because they do not have enough delta-6-desaturase

39
Q

n-6 PUFAs are precursors of what?

A

arachidonic acid

40
Q

n-3 PUFAs are precursors of what?

A

eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)

41
Q

Clinical signs of lipids

A
  • Poor growth and weight gain
  • Matted coat, scaly skin, weak cutaneous vessels
  • Infertility
  • Poor wound healing
42
Q

Protein intake range?

A

Very wide

43
Q

Selenium intake range?

A

Very small

44
Q

Characteristics of fat soluble vitamins

A
  • Require fat for efficient absorption
  • Stored effectively
  • Potentially toxic when consumed in excess
45
Q

Characteristics of water soluble vitamins

A
  • Note stored efficiently
  • Daily intake necessary to prevent deficiency
  • Excessive intake relatively safe
46
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E, K

47
Q

What are the macrominerals?

A 
Calcium
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sodium
Chloride
Sulfur
48
Q

What are the microminerals?

A 
Iron
Copper
Manganese
Zinc
Selenium
Cobalt
Iodine
49
Q

What is Vitamin K used for?

A

clotting

50
Q

Thiamin (Vitamin B1) deficiency symptoms

A
  • Anorexia w/ weight loss
  • Neurological symptoms (cervical ventroflexion)
  • Cardiovascular and respiratory symptoms
51
Q

Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) deficiency symptoms

A

GI symptoms

52
Q

Calcium deficiency/excess

A

Deficiency: postparturient hypocalcemia (milk fever)
Excess: calcification of epidermis

53
Q

Magnesium deficiency symptoms

A
  • Hypomagnesemic tetany in adult ruminants

- Nervousness, tremors, twitching of facial muscles, staggering gait, convulsion

54
Q

Zinc deficiency symptoms

A
  • Reddening of skin, subnormal growth, depressed appetite (pigs)
  • Inflammation of nose and mouth, stiff joints, swollen feet, reddening of skin (calves)
55
Q

Copper toxicity symptoms

A
  • Icteric
  • Death
  • Laryngitis, bronchitis
  • Diarrhea
  • Anemia
  • Emaciation
56
Q

Iodine deficiency symptoms

A
  • Goiter

- Reproductive abnormalities

57
Q

Which nutrients can interact?

A
  • Vitamin D and calcium
  • Vitamin E and selenium
  • PUFAs and Vitamin E

Nutrition Final (1 decks)

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