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Treatment And Prevention Of Infection > Introducution > Flashcards

Introducution Flashcards

1
Q

UK 5 Year Antimicrobial resistance strategy. Name some of their aims.

A

Improving infection prevention and control practices
Optimising prescribing practice
Improving professional educations, training and public engagement
Developing new drugs, treatments and diagnostics
Better access to and use of surveillance data
Better identifications and prioritisation of AMR research needs
Strengthened international collaboration

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2
Q

Name a sterile and non-sterile environment

A

Sterile. CNS and circulatory system

Non-sterile. Respiratory and digestive system

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3
Q

What is a bacteria’s virulence factor

A

Toxins etc produced by a microorganism

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4
Q

What are the differences between a gram positive, gram negative and atypical bacteria

A

Positive. Stains purple because can hold stain in thick cell wall
Negative. Stain red after not holding purple stain in their cell membrane and thin cell wall
Atypical. Has no cell wall, so some antibiotics will not work

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5
Q

What shapes are cocci and bacilli

A

Cocci.clusters

Bacilli. Rod

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6
Q

Give an example of gram positive cocci and gram positive bacilli

A

Cocci. Straphylococci and streptococci
Bacilli. Listeria
Cornynebacterium and clostridium (anaerobic)

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7
Q

Straphylocci can be distinguished from strep. with coagulase. Give two examples of this bacteria.

A

S. aureus

Coagulase negative staph.

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8
Q

Streptococci can be distingusihed in haemolysis, give the three types of strep.

A 
Beta haemolytic (e.g. group a) digest partially 
Alpha haemolytic (pneumococcus) digest partially 
Non haemolytic (enterococcus) hardly
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9
Q

Give examples of gram negative cocci and bacilli groups

A

Cocci. N. Meningitidis and N.gonorrhoea

Bacilli. Bacteroides (anaerobic gut) and pseudomonas And haemophilus and enterobacteraciae

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10
Q

Name at least two examples of enterobacteraciae

A

E.coli
Klebsiella
Enterobacter
Proteus

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11
Q

Name two examples of atypical bacteria

A

Mycoplasma

Chlamydia

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12
Q

Name the main people for the

Early development of antibiotics
Early development for penicillin
Later development of penicillin

A

Paul Ehrlich
Alexander Fleming
Ernst Chain and Howard Florey

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13
Q

Name the four sites of antimicrobial targets and at least two examples with them

A

Inhibit wall synthesis - beta lactams, glycopeptides and bacitracin and fosfomycin

Inhibit protein synthesis. Macrolides, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, rifampicin

Interfere with DNA synthesis/replication. Sulphonamides, diaminopyrimidines, quinolones and nitroimidazoles

Disrupt cell membrane. Polymixins and lipopeptides

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14
Q

Beta lactate and glycopeptide antibiotics disrupt cell wall synthesis. Give examples of each (3!2)

A

Beta lactam. Penicillin, cephalosporins, carbapenems

Glycopeptide. Vancomycin and teicoplanin

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15
Q

How do beta lactams work?

A

Penicillin binding protein make the link for penicillin to bind . Meaning that amino acid side chains can’t form
So can’t fully form cell wall.
Breakdown occurs, spheroplast forms

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16
Q

Beat lactamase inhibtors were made to combat beta lactamases, produced by bacteria which hydrolyses the beta lactam ring resulting in inactivation. How does it work?

A

I uses an inhibitor called clavulanic acid (also has a beta lactam ring. It binds beta lactamaes to prevent them destroying the antibiotic.

Well known combination. Co-amoxiclav (amoxicillin and clavulanic acid)

17
Q

Vancomycin and teicoplanin are most commonly used glycopeptide antibiotics (for vancomycin sensitive and vancomycin resistant bacteria).

What type of gram negative or positive bacteria are they used on and why?

A

Used on the broad gram positive spectrum because it can’t get through the thick cell wall because it is too large, making it ineffective.

You would use it in MRSA, coagulase negative staphylococci, penicillin resistant enterococci and streptococci and c.diff

18
Q

Protein synthesis inhibitors include macrolides, tetracycline , aminoglycosides, lincosamides and rifamycins.

What group do erythromycin and clarithromycin belong to

What group do doxycycline and tigecycline belong to

What group do gentamicin, amikacin and tobramycin belong to

A

Macrolides

Tetracyclines

Aminoglycosides

19
Q

What do rifmycins do (protein synthesis inhibition)

A

Interfere with mRNA

20
Q

What do Aminoglycosides and tetracyclines target? (protein synthesis inhibition)

A

Ribosome target

21
Q

What do macrolides and chloramphenicol target?

A

30S and 50S ribosomal subunit

22
Q

Sulphonamides and Diaminopyrimidines interfere with DNA synthesis/replication, how?

A

Both target nucleotide synthesis, bacteria can’t take in folate, have to synthesis this, Sulphonamides block this synthesis.

23
Q

What anti-bacterial works as a DNA gyrase inhibitor?

A

Quinolones, e.g. ciprofloxaxin and levofloxacin

24
Q

what does mycosis mean

A

fungal infection

25
Q

Tinea, candidiasis, mucormycosis and aspergillosis are examples of what?

A

Fungal infections ranging from superficial to deep

26
Q

Give the three group types of anti-fungal drugs

A

Azoles
Polyenes
Echinocandins

27
Q

Give two examples of Azoles

A

The triazoles and imidazoles

28
Q

Give two examples of polyenes

A

Amphotericin B

Nystatin

29
Q

Give two examples of echinocandins

A

Caspofungin

Micafungin

30
Q

What antifungal acts directly on the cell wall?

A

Echinocandins

31
Q

What anti-fungal acts directly on the cell membrane?

A

Polyenes

32
Q

What is in a fungal cell wall and what type membrane do they have?

A

Chitin
Glucan
glycoproteins

ergosterol based membrane

33
Q

What anti-fungals act on the ergosterol pathway?

A

Azoles and terbinafine

34
Q

Name three problems with discovery of new antibiotics

A

Cost of development
rapid resistance
time consuming

35
Q

Name three potential solutions for the problems of discovering new antibiotics

A

Stewardship
novel targets
improve diagnostics

Treatment And Prevention Of Infection (13 decks)

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