INTS7 - Human Anatomy (Musculoskeletal and Nervous System)

Question 1

Define the anatomical position.

Answer 1

Upright stance with feet slightly apart. Toes and palms of hand facing forward. Neutral position with forward glaze.

Question 2

What are the two major regions of the skeleton. Describe each.

Answer 2

Axial skeleton - main axis of body including head, neck and trunk.
Appendicularskeleton - appendages which are attached to the axial skeleton including arms, legs etc.

Question 3

What is the cranial region.

Answer 3

Head.

Question 4

What is the cervical region.

Answer 4

Neck region.

Question 5

Define the three regions of the trunk and what each one is.

Answer 5

Thorax - upper trunk.
Abdomen - middle trunk.
Pelvis - lower trunk.

Question 6

What are the varying regions of the upper limb.

Answer 6

Arm - shoulder to elbow.
Forearm - elbow to wrist.
Wrist
Hands

Question 7

What are the varying regions of the lower limb.

Answer 7

Thigh - hip to knee.
Leg - knee to ankle.
Ankle
Foot.

Question 8

Define different planes of the brain and give description for each.

Answer 8

Coronal plane - cutting body from shoulder to shoulder, through the body.
Mid sagittal - cutting body in half to give left and right side.
Para sagittal - cutting body from top to bottom to give left and right side but not in half.
Transverse plane - cutting body from hip to hip.

Question 9

Define proximal and distal.

Answer 9

Proximal - closer to centre of body.

Distal - further away from centre of body.

Question 10

Define medial and lateral.

Answer 10

Medial - towards midline.

Lateral - away from midline.

Question 11

Define anterior and posterior.

Answer 11

Anterior - towards front.

Posterior - towards back.

Question 12

Define ventral and dorsal.

Answer 12

Ventral - towards front of body.

Dorsal - towards back of body.

Question 13

Define superior and inferior.

Answer 13

Superior - above.

Inferior - below.

Question 14

Define rostral and caudal.

Answer 14

Rostral - towards the head.

Caudal - towards the end of spinal cord.

Question 15

Name bones from hip and below.

Answer 15

Ilium.
Femur. 
Patella.
Tibia (front) fibula (back) 
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges.

Question 16

Give bones from shoulder to fingers.

Answer 16

Humerus.
Radius (outer) ulna (inner) 
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges

Question 17

Give bones from top of head to heart area.

Answer 17

Skull.
Mandible.
Clavicle. 
Sternum.
Vertebral column.

Question 18

Discuss relationship between stability and mobility of joints.

Answer 18

More stable a joint - less mobile it is.

Less stable a joint - more mobile it is.

Question 19

What factors affect the range of movement available at a joint.

Answer 19

Shape of bones. Way in which the bones fit together. Surrounding muscles.

Question 20

What are the three types of joints.

Answer 20

Fibrous. Cartilaginous. Synovial

Question 21

Discuss structure of fibrous joints with example.

Answer 21

Bones held together by fibrous tissues allowing minimal/no movement. E.g. skull sutures.

Question 22

Discuss structure of cartilaginous joints.

Answer 22

Bones connected by cartilage with no joint cavity. Allows minimal movement. E.g. sternum connecting to rib cage at anterior of body.

Question 23

Discuss synovial fluid structure with example.

Answer 23

Bones joined by cartilage with a joint cavity contains synovial fluid, which acts the lubricant. Bones surrounded by hyaline/articulating cartilage with synovial membrane producing synovial fluid. Ligaments surround the capsule. Allow wide range of movement.
E.g. knee.

Question 24

What is the role of synovial membrane,

Answer 24

Produce synovial fluid to lubricate the synovial joints.

Question 25

Discuss the composition of the articulating capsule.

Answer 25

Outer layer - fibrous. | Inner layer - synovial.

Question 26

What are the types of synovial joints.

Answer 26

``` Ball and socket. Hinge. Plane. Pivot. Ellipsoid. Saddle. ```

Question 27

Discuss structure of ball and socket joint. Give example.

Answer 27

End of one bone acts as ball fitting into the end of another bone which acts as a socket. E.g. shoulder or hip.

Question 28

Discuss differences between deep and shallow ball and socket joints.

Answer 28

Deep - hip joint, more stable, less movement. | Shallow - shoulder joint, less stable, more movement.

Question 29

Discuss the shoulder ball and socket joint - specific bone names.

Answer 29

Head/proximal end of humerus fits into glenoid cavity/fossa of scapula.

Question 30

Discuss the hinge joint. Give example.

Answer 30

Synovial joint. End of one bone is slightly cylindrical in shape and fits into the groove of another joint, like a hinge. Limited movement e.g. flexion and extension only. Example - distal end of humerus fits in groove of ulna.

Question 31

Discuss plane joint. Give example.

Answer 31

Type of synovial joint. Also referred to as gliding joint. Relatively flat bones glide against one another, whilst articulating with other bones. Example - intertarsal joints e.g. the joints between adjacent tarsals.

Question 32

Discuss pivot joint. Give example.

Answer 32

One bone fits like a peg into the ring of another bone or bone and ligaments. Example - vertebral column.

Question 33

Discuss ellipsoid joint. Give example.

Answer 33

Similar to ball and socket joint however ball is oval/ellipse shaped, with a commentary socket. Example - radiocarpal joint I.e. the wrist.

Question 34

Discuss saddle joint. Give example.

Answer 34

Concave and convex surfaces of one bone fit into both concave and convex surfaces of another bone, like a saddle. Example - carpometacarpal joint of thumb.

Question 35

Discuss adduction and abduction giving example of movement type.

Answer 35

Adduction - movements towards midline of body. Abduction - movements away from midline of body. Example - adduction/abduction of arm at shoulder.

Question 36

Discuss flexion and extension and give example for type of movement.

Answer 36

Flexion - angle becomes smaller. Extension - angle becomes larger. Example - flexing knee brings your leg back and extending knee returns it to normal standing position.

Question 37

Discuss medial and lateral rotation.

Answer 37

Medial - rotational movement towards midline of body. Also called internal rotation. Lateral - rotational moment away from midline. Also called external rotation. Example -rotating straight leg at the hip.

Question 38

Discuss circumduction. Give example of type of movement.

Answer 38

Movement in a circular pattern using sequential combination of flexion, adduction, extension and abduction. E.g. rotation at shoulder joint.

Question 39

Discuss supination and pronation. Give example of type of movement.

Answer 39

Supination - rotation of forearm so that palm faces upward. | Pronation - rotation of forearm so that palm faces downward.

Question 40

Discuss Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion.

Answer 40

Dorsi - toes facing up by movement at ankle. | Plantar - toes facing down by movement at ankle.

Question 41

Discuss elevation and depression. Give example for type of movement.

Answer 41

Elevation - Upward movement of bone whilst keeping other bones constant. Depression - downward moment. Example - movement of jaw up and down.

Question 42

Discuss protraction and retraction. Give example of type of movement.

Answer 42

Protraction - movement of body part in anterior direction e.g. moving shoulder blade forward. Retraction - movement of body part in posterior direction e.g. moving shoulder blade backwards from forward position.

Question 43

Discuss inversion and eversion. Give example of type of movement.

Answer 43

Inversion - sole of foot rotates toward midline of body. | Eversion - sole of foot rotates away from midline of body.

Question 44

What movements can occur at the elbow joint.

Answer 44

Flexion. Extension.

Question 45

What movements can occur at the hip joint.

Answer 45

Flexion. Extension. Abduction. Adduction. Circumduction. Rotation.

Question 46

What movements can occur at the wrist joint.

Answer 46

Flexion. Extension. Abduction. Adduction. Circumduction.

Question 47

What movements occur at the knee joint,

Answer 47

Flexion. Extension.

Question 48

What movements occur at the shoulder joint.

Answer 48

Flexion. Extension. Abduction. Adduction. Rotation. Circumduction.

Question 49

What types of movement can occur at neck joints.

Answer 49

Flexion. Extension. Abduction. Adduction. Rotation.

Question 50

What types of movements occur at the ankle joint.

Answer 50

Dorsiflexion. Plantarflexion. Eversion. Inversion.

Question 51

What types of movements can occur at the shoulder girdle.

Answer 51

Elevation. Depression. Protraction. Retraction.

Question 52

What types of movements can occur at the proximal radioulnar joint.

Answer 52

Pronation. Supination.

Question 53

Define origin and insertion, relative to muscles.

Answer 53

Origin - proximal attachment. | Insertion - distal attachment.

Question 54

Discuss muscles functioning individually.

Answer 54

Generally uncommon, muscles work as groups known as muscle compartments to bring about controlled movements.

Question 55

Define muscle agonist and antagonist.

Answer 55

Agonist - contracting muscle. | Antagonist - relaxing muscle.

Question 56

Discuss muscles of face, what they are responsible for and how they are innervated.

Answer 56

Various muscles located on the face and scalp which allow a myriad of facial expressions, as well as mastication (chewing and biting). Innervated by cranial nerves from the neck.

Question 57

Which muscles control swallowing and how are these muscles innervated.

Answer 57

Muscles of the anterior neck and throat which are innervated by cranial nerves and first pair of spinal nerves.

Question 58

Which muscles are considered the head flexors and the head extensors.

Answer 58

Head flexors - anterolateral neck muscles | Head extensors - posterior neck muscles

Question 59

Give two classifications of muscles of the vertebral column.

Answer 59

Superficial - towards the surface | Deep - away from the surface

Question 60

Trunk extension is controlled by what muscles.

Answer 60

Deep vertebral column muscles.

Question 61

Movement of shoulder girdle and upper limbs are controlled by what muscles primarily?

Answer 61

Superficial back muscles

Question 62

What muscles are involved with inspiration and where are they located.

Answer 62

External intercostal muscles contracts, diaphragm contracts. Muscles located in the thorax - upper region of trunk.

Question 63

What muscles are involved with expiration and where are they located.

Answer 63

Internal intercostal muscles contracts, diaphragm relaxes. Muscles located in the thorax - upper region of trunk.

Question 64

What are the four (groups of) muscles located in the abdomen.

Answer 64

External/internal abdominal obliques. Transverse abdominis. Rectus abdominis.

Question 65

Which bones protect the abdominal region of the trunk.

Answer 65

None.

Question 66

What muscles are involved with flexion of vertebral column.

Answer 66

Abdominal muscles.

Question 67

What are the two main roles of the abdominal muscles.

Answer 67

Flexion of vertebral column. Protection of abdominal organs.

Question 68

What actions are muscles of the pelvic floor associated with.

Answer 68

Contraction of bladder, rectum and uterine in order to release their contents.

Question 69

What are the nine muscles controlling movement of shoulder joint.

Answer 69

Pectoralis major. Latissimus dorsi. Deltoids. rotator cuff group (4 muscles). Teres major. Coracobrachilias.

Question 70

Which bone do muscles of the shoulder originate from and insert into.

Answer 70

Originate from shoulder girdle including scapula and clavicle. Insert into the humerus.

Question 71

Where are elbow flexors and extensors muscles located.

Answer 71

Flexors - anterior compartment of arm. | Extensors - posterior compartment of arm.

Question 72

What muscle compartments are the main compartment for pronation and supination of the arm/hand,

Answer 72

Pronation - anterior compartment of forearm. | Supination - anterior compartment of arm.

Question 73

Name specific flexors and extensor muscles in the upper limb.

Answer 73

Flexors - biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis. | Extensors - triceps brachii.

Question 74

Which muscles are used for wrist extension and flexion.

Answer 74

Flexion - anterior forearm. | Extension - posterior forearm.

Question 75

Where do the muscles for finger extension and flexion lie.

Answer 75

Flexion - anterior compartment of forearm. | Extension - posterior compartment of forearm.

Question 76

Which area of muscle controls hip flexion and extension.

Answer 76

Flexion - Anterior thigh. | Extension - posterior thigh.

Question 77

Which area of muscle controls knee extension and flexion.

Answer 77

Extension - Anterior thigh. | Flexion - posterior thigh.

Question 78

Which area of muscle controls thigh adduction and thigh abduction.

Answer 78

Adduction - medial thigh. | Abduction - gluteal region.

Question 79

How many hamstring muscles are there.

Answer 79

3 muscles.

Question 80

Which muscle compartments control dorsi and plantar flexion of foot at ankle joint. Name major muscle for each.

Answer 80

Dorsi - anterior compartment of leg. Tibialis anterior. | Plantar - posterior compartment of leg. Gastrocnemius.

Question 81

Which muscle compartments control flexion and extension of toes.

Answer 81

Flexion - posterior compartment of leg and foot. | Extension- anterior compartment of leg and foot.

Question 82

What are the four regions of the spinal cord.

Answer 82

Cervical. Thoracic. Lumbar. Sacral.

Question 83

Discuss curvature of the spinal column relative to the different regions.

Answer 83

Cervical and lumbar regions - secondary curvature - concave. Thoracic and sacral regions - primary curvature - convex.

Question 84

What is the purpose of the curvature of the spinal cord.

Answer 84

Shock absorption. Main posture and balance. Allows range of varying movements,,

Question 85

What is the main role of the cervical region of the spinal column,

Answer 85

Support weight of the head.

Question 86

What is the main role of the thoracic region of the spinal column.

Answer 86

Protects the heart and other vital organs as it contains the rib cage.

Question 87

What is the main role of the lumbar region of the spinal column.

Answer 87

Bears the weight of the body.

Question 88

What is the main role of the sacral region of the spinal column,

Answer 88

Connects the spine to the hip bones and the lower limbs of the body.

Question 89

Discuss layers of the brain and head starting from superficial working to deep,

Answer 89

Scalp. Skull. Dura mater. Arachnoid layers. Pia mater.

Question 90

Why are the arachnoid layers in the head so called.

Answer 90

Contain spider like projections which go into the cerebral cortex of the brain .

Question 91

How does cerebrospinal fluid drain.

Answer 91

From the lateral ventricle to the third ventricle and into the central canal in the brain,

Question 92

Discuss the location and role of lateral ventricles.

Answer 92

Located in the brain, with one in each hemisphere, which goes into the lobes of the brain as well as the anterior and posterior horn for each cerebral hemisphere. Role includes movement of CSF.