invertebrates Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
What animals are in the phylum Cnidaria?
A
jellyfish, sea anemones, corals, hydroids
2
Q
what are the two basic life stages of cnidarians
A
polyp and medusa
3
Q
What are cnidocytes?
A
stinging cells
4
Q
what are nematocysts
A
the stinging part of the cell
5
Q
how to cnidarians move
A
some are sessile; use of hydrostatic skeleton
6
Q
stomach in cnidarians
A
one way
7
Q
Phylum Cnidaria, Class Anthozoa
A
coral
8
Q
basic information on corals
A
skeleton is made up of calcium carbonate, have symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae
9
Q
how to corals reproduce
A
sexually: broadcast spawning + brooding
asexually: budding + fragmentation
10
Q
Phylum Cnidaria class cubozoa
A
box jellies
11
Q
Ctenophores
A
comb jellies
12
Q
Cilia
A
The hairlike projections on the outside of cells that move in a wavelike manner
12
Q
characteristics of ctenophores
A
no nematocysts, have sticky cells called colloblasts
13
Q
How do ctenophores feed?
A
Colloblast sticks to their preys
14
Q
How do ctenophores reproduce?
A
self fertilizing hermaphrodites with external fertilization = release both gametes into water
15
Q
Phylum Platyhelminthes
A
flatworms
15
Q
characteristics of flatworms
A
bilateral symmetry, central nervous system, first animal with head, brain, eyes, have cilia to help with movement, extensive gut, no respiratory system
16
Q
how to platyhelminthes feed
A
mostly carnivorous, can eat dead animals, some are herbivores and parasitic
17
Q
how to platyhelminthes reproduce
A
asxeual: binary fission (can split in half and reform), fragmentation
sexual: simultaneous hermaphrodites, intradermal hypodermic insemination (penis fencing)
18
Q
Phylum Mollusca
A
soft bodied animals
clams, octopus, snails, squid, slugs, nautiluses, oysters
19
Q
characteristics of mollusca
A
soft bodied, enclosed in calcium carbonate shell, body is covered by mantle, has radula, complex nervous system, open circulatory system
20
Q
what is the mantle
A
organ that produces shell of mollusks (grows with animal)
21
Q
what is the foot
A
muscular organ for movement
22
Q
what is the radula
A
toothed organ for feeding/defense
23
Gastropods examples
snails and slugs
24
characteristics of gastropods
complete gut, radula to scrape algae from rocks (can also be carnivorous), coiled shells reduced shells or no shell,
25
polyplacophora
chitons
25
characteristics of chitons
multiple shells
26
Bivalvia
clams, oysters, scallops, mussels
26
characteristics of bivalvia
2 shells, gills used for respiration and filter feeding, byssal threads to attach
27
cephalopoda
squid, octopus, cuttlefish, nautilus
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characteristics of cephalopods
Largest and most highly evolved
Agile swimmers; use jet propulsion
Reduction or complete loss of their shell
Have radula inside beak
Closed circulatory system
Large eyes, acute vision, extremely sensitive to sight details and impressions
Complex nervous system and brain
29
Porifera Functional adaptations
Benthic and sessile
Can be disassociated to the cellular level and still survive and reform new sponges
30
oscula
excurrent pores
30
how porfiera reproduce
Aseuxal - fragmentation, regeneration, reaggregation, budding
Sexual - production of gametes, hermaphrodites, sperm and eggs are released at different times, larval development occurs within sponge, broadcast spawning
30
porifera major atonomical features
Asymmetrical body plan
No true tissues or organs
Skeleton is made up of collagen (spongin)
Composed of calcium carbonate or silica
30
ostia
incurrent openings
30
ecological role of porifera
Able to filter viruses, bacteria, and other very fine particulates from the water column
Provide shelter for other organisms
Good for charismatic megafauna
Chemically defended
Economically important
Anti cancer properties
Important for coral reef health - break down corals, carbonate cyclers
30
how porifera obtain nutrition/food
filter feeding
30
choanocytes
collar cells that have a flagella that generates current, and a thin collar that traps food particles; helps with filter feeding
31
spicules
used for structural support; calcareous or siliceous
31
spongin
fibrous collagen-like protein that gives sponge structure
31
porifera: class calcarea
spicules composed of calcium carbonate
31
porifera: class demospongia
spongin fibers, siliceous spicules, combination of both (majority of sponges are in this class)
32
porifera: class hexacitnellida
glass sponges, spicules are made of silicon dioxide
33
porifera: class sclerospongia
siliceous spicules, spongin fibers, and calcium carbonate base or chambers
33
What are the main differences between the classes of Porifera?
The presence and composition of different types of spicules/spongin
34
What sorts of functional roles do sponges play in ecosystems?
Sponges provide shelter for other organisms, remove bacteria and particles from the water
35
What is the difference between HMA and LMA sponges?
High Microbial Abundance sponges have cyanobacteria, dinoflagellate symbionts (provides nutrients)
Low Microbial Abundance lack bacterial symbionts (needs to filter feed for more nutrients)
36
Low Microbial Abundance
ack bacterial symbionts (needs to filter feed for more nutrients)
36
high microbial abundace
sponges have cyanobacteria, dinoflagellate symbionts (provides nutrients)
37
Cnidaria: functional adaptations
Polyp for sessile environment
Medusa for motile environment
37
elationship is mutually beneficial to each party
elationship is mutually beneficial to each party
major anatomical features of cnidarians
Two basic life stages: polyp and medusa
Radial symmetry
First animal to have specialized tissues (but no true organs)
Possess stinging cells (cnidocytes) for prey capture
One way gut - mouth = anus
Nerves, muscles and hydrostatic skeleton for movement
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Mutualism
relationship is mutually beneficial to each party
39
how do corals reproduce
Seuxual - broadcast spawning (gametes are released into water where fertilization takes place), brooding (sperm is released into water, eggs are fertilized in corals)
Asexual - budding (single polyp can split into two), fragmentation (regeneration from smaller fragments)
40
cnidaria: Class Staurozoa
stalked jellyfish
40
Cnidaria: Class Scyphozoa
true jellies
41
cnidarian ecological role in environment
Coral reefs - creates ecosystem
Reduces power of waves hitting coast
Crucial source of income
41
cnidaria: class siphonophora
Portuguese man ‘o war
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What symbiotic relationships exist within Cnidaria?
Dinoflagellate algae
zooxanthellae
43
Major anatomical features of ctenophora
8 rows of cilia (ctene)
Three different body styles:
Cydippid- rounded bodies with branched tentacles
Lobate- 2 rounded lobes, with tentacles
Beroids- sack-shaped, no tentacles
No nematocysts
Colloblasts- sticky cells
44
how ctenophores reproduce
Self fertilizing hermaphrodites
External fertilization- release both sperm and eggs into water
Direct development - larvae look like mini adults
45
ecological role of ctenophores
important secondary consumers
45
how ctenophores obtain nutrition/food
Anal pores eject waste, mouth regurgitates most solid waste
Voracious feeders on copepods, fish eggs, crab larvae, shrimp larvae, other meroplankton
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What are colloblasts and how do they work?
Sticky cells used to capture prey
47
How do ctenophores move through the water column?
Bearing their comb rows (beating rows of compound cilia in waves)
48
What aspects of ctenophore biology/ecology enable them to experience boom-and-bust cycles in population growth?
Produce sperm and eggs everyday
49
functional adaptations of platyhelminthes
Real organs and organ tissues
50
major anatomical features of platyhelminthes
No skeleton, moves with cilia and two layers of muscle under skin
They have heads (cephalization
Simple nervous system - nerve cords and simple brains
Eyespots for direction of light
Single opening digestive system
No respiratory system, absorb oxygen directly through thin tissue layers
51
how platyhelminthes reproduce
Asexual - binary fission (split in half and reform), fragmentation
Sexual - simultaneous hermaphrodites, intradermal hypodermic insemination
52
how platyhelminthes feed
Carnivores and eat other inverts, protists, etc
Some are scavengers and eat dead animals (carrion)
Some eat hydroid colonies and store nematocysts in their epithelium layer for protection
Some are herbivores and few are parasitic
Some have zooxanthellae or zoochlorellae
53
ecological role of platyhelminthes
Regulate population dynamics of zooplankton
54
What type of symmetry do flatworms possess?
Bilateral symmetry
55
advantages of bilateral symmetry
More mobile directional movement
56
mollusk major anatomical features
Soft bodied organisms often enclosed in a calcium carbonate shell
Body is covered by a mantle
Ventral, muscular foot
Radula
Complex nervous system
57
how mollusks obtain food
Use radula to scrape algae, or drill holes in shells
57
Kleptoplasty
some nudibranchs can use the chloroplasts from algae they are feeding on, or other nudibranchs can store cnidocytes in cerata after feeding on cnidarians
58
Chromatophores
pigment containing, light reflective cells used for camouflage by cephalopods
59
mollusk: class bivalvia
clams, mussels, oysters
60
characteristics of class bivalvia
Bivalve body is laterally compressed (flattened sideways) and consists of 2 hinged valves that are mirror images of one other
Strong muscles, the adductor muscles, are used to open the valves
Mantle forms a thin membrane that lines the inside surface of the shell
Instead of radula, they have siphons
Two siphons, incurrent and excurrent, draw water into and out of the mantle cavity
Byssal threads help attach to rocks and other surfaces
Scallops can swim
61
mollusk: class cephalopoda
squid, octopus, cuttlefish, nautilus
62
characteristics of class cephalopoda
Largest and most highly evolved
Agile swimmers; use jet propulsion
Reduction or complete loss of their shell
Have radula inside beak
Closed circulatory system
Large eyes, acute vision, extremely sensitive to sight details and impressions
Complex nervous system and brain
63
characteristics of class gastropoda
Coiled mass of organs enclosed by a dorsal shell, which rests on the foot
Have head and sensory structures
Radula made of chitin (carbohydrate material found in exoskeletons of crustaceans)
Separate mouth and anus - complete gut
Most gastropods use their radula to scrape algae from rocks
Others are carnivorous and use radula to drill into the shells of bivalves
64
mollusk: class polyplacophora
chitons
65
characteristics of class polyplacophora
Shell - 8 overlapping calcareous plates - no obvious sensory organs
Have radula that they use to scrape algae from rocks
66
How do molluscs defend themselves against predation?
Camouflage
Hard shells
Mucus secretions
Ink glands
Poison
color
67
functional adaptations of arthropods
Jointed appendages that are strong and flexible
67
major anatomical features of arthopods
Possess gills to obtain oxygen
Two pairs of antennae
Segmented body
Chitinous exoskeleton reinforced with calcium carbonate
hinged/jointed appendages
68
how arthropods reproduce
Most crustaceans start their lives in the plankton, then will later settle to the bottom as adults
Sexual reproduction
69
how arthropods obtain nutrition/food
Carnivores that feed on scraps and dead creatures
Predation
Filter feeding
Scavenging
Parasitism
70
ecological role of arthropods
Vital food source
Sequester carbon from atmosphere
Maintain balance in food webs
71
arthropods: subphylum crustacea
crabs, shrimp, lobsters, barnacles, krill, copepods
72
characteristics of crustaceans
Sperm producing individuals use specialized appendage to transfer sperm to individuals with eggs
Individuals producing eggs have specialized appendages to hold eggs
Barnacles are the only sessile group of crustaceans
73
arthropods: subphylum chelicerata
horseshoe crabs
74
characteristics of chelicerata
5 living species
“Living fossil”
Characterized by chelicerae - pointed appendages used to grasp food and used during mating
Appendages used for feeding at one end, and for swimming/locomotion at the other
Critically important in coastal marine food webs
75
chelicerae
pointed appendages used to grasp food and used during mating
76
Why is horseshoe crab blood valuable?
Contains hemocyanin (copper-based) to carry oxygen
Blood contains amoebocytes which release a clotting factor when exposed to bacteria
77
functional adaptations of echinoderms
Pentaraidal symmetry - body is arranged in 5 parts around central axis
78
major anatomical features of echinoderms
No dorsal, ventral, anterior, or posterior end; oral and aboral ends only
Possess endoskeleton covered by a bumpy, spiny, tissue layer
Have calcium carbonate ossicles embedded in body wall (spiny skin)
Have tube feet - network of water filled canals that extend when filled with water
Vascular system connects to the outside environment via the madreporite on the aboral surface
79
how echinoderms reproduce
Larvae have bilateral symmetry
Sexual - dioecious with sperm or eggs produced by gonads
Asexual - disk division, regeneration (can cast off arms), fragment must include disk to regrow
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Echinodermata: class asteroidea
sea star
80
Class Asteroidea - sea star
Most are carnivorous
Uses both tactile and chemosensory reception to find prey
Specialized stomach for digesting prey
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Echinodermata: class echinoidea
sea urchins, sand dollars
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Class Echinoidea - sea urchins, sand dollars
Sand dollars are deposit feeders in sand, use tube feet to pick up particles
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Echinodermata: Class Ophiuroidea
brittle stars
84
Class Ophiuroidea - brittle stars
Gonads and organs all in central disc
Can autotomize their legs
85
Echinodermata: class Holothuroidea
sea cucumbers
86
Class Holothuroidea - sea cucumbers
Deposit feeders
Water vascular system
5 sets of longitudinal muscles, 5 rows of tube feet
Reduction of the skeleton to microscopic ossicles
Defense mechanisms: powerful toxins in body walls, sticky and toxic tentacles (cuvierian tubules), internal organs regenerate (evisceration)
87
Echinodermata: Class Crinoidea
feather stars
