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Diversity of life > Invertebrates > Flashcards

Invertebrates Flashcards

1
Q

Tagmosis

A

Differentiation of segments (head, thorax, abdomen)

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2
Q

Harmocoel

A

Open circulatory system

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3
Q

Heart

A

Dorsal

Pericardium - membrane enclosing

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4
Q

Nerve cord

A

Ventral

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5
Q

Biramous legs

A

2 branches

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6
Q

Uniramous legs

A

Single branch

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7
Q

What genes affect segment identity

A

Hox genes

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8
Q

Panarthropoda/Lobopoda

A

Tardigrada
Onychophora
Arthropoda

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9
Q

Onychophorans

A

Velvet worms

Terrestrial with soft cuticle

Telescopic claws

Oral papillae that secrete slime for predation and mandibles

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10
Q

Tardigrades

A

Water bears

Marine and terrestrial (extreme environments)

4 pairs of claw bearing legs

Triradiate pharynx (Y)

Fixed no of adult cells

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11
Q

Desiccation

A

Extreme drying

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12
Q

Mandibulata

A

Myriapods
Crustaceans
Insects (Hexapoda)

Have mandibles/jaws

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13
Q

Myriapods

A

Millipedes (Diplopoda)

Centipedes (Chilopoda)

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14
Q

Chilopoda

A

Centipedes

2 pairs of maxillae (2nd pair enlarged)

Poison glands on specialised limbs (1st trunk segment)

Predators - strong powerful legs

Aposematism

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15
Q

Aposematic colouring

A

Advertise venom/poison with bright colours

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16
Q

Diplopoda

A

Millipedes

Fused segments - 2 limbs per segment

Not single segments ^

Reduced number of mouthparts

Herbivores/detritivores

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17
Q

Crustaceans

A

Malacostraca

Maxillopoda

Branchiopoda

Xenocaridia

2 pairs of antennae

Biramous limbs

Nauplius larvae

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18
Q

Uropods

A

Tail flaps

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19
Q

Malacostraca

A

Decapoda

Pericardia

Euphausiacea

Stromatopoda

Phyllocardia

Head - 5 segments
Thorax - 8 segments
Abdomen - 6 segments

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20
Q

Stomatopoda

A

Mantis shrimp

Burrowing

Raptorial appendages - clubbing/piercing

Eyes - more than 16 pigments and polarised light

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21
Q

Decapoda

A

Crabs (Brachyurans + Anomurans)

Lobsters - larger claws

Shrimp - swimming limbs

3 most anterior thoracic segments - maxillipeds - food manipulation

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22
Q

Peracaridia

A

Mysids - shrimp like filter feeders

Amphipods (laterally compressed)

Isopods

Characterised by presence of marsupium - breeding pouch

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23
Q

Euphausiacea

A

Krill

important primary consumer

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24
Q

Maxillopoda

A

Theocostraca

Ostracoda

Pentastomida

fewer than 10 segments

next biggest group after Malacostraca

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25
Q

Theocostraca

A

Barnacles

Acorn + gooseneck

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26
Q

Ostracoda

A

Marine + fresh

calcareous shell

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27
Q

Pentastomidia

A

Parasitic crustaceans

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28
Q

Branchiopoda

A

Notostraca

Spinicaudata

Laevicaudata

Anostraca

Cladocera

Freshwater crustaceans

some developed bivalved carapace

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29
Q

Xenocardia

A

Cephalocarida

Remipedia

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30
Q

Chelicerata

A

Pycnogonids

Xiphosura

Mites and Ticks

Arachnida - spiders/scorpions/camel spiders/pseudo scorpions

Anatomy -

31
Q

Prosoma

A

Tagmata of chelicerata

tagmosis of 6 embryonic segments

May have carapace

appendages:

no antennae or true mandibles

1 pair of chelicerae

pincers/fangs

1 pair of pedipalps - usually sensory (pincers)

4 pairs of walking legs

32
Q

Opisthosoma

A

Tagmata of chelicerata

tagmosis of up to 12 embryonic segments + post-anal telson

May be undivided (spiders)

segmented (scorpions)

Appendages:

Book gills (Horseshoe crabs) - locomotion and respiration

Book lungs

Spinnerets (spiders) - silk manipulation

33
Q

Chelicerae

A

Jointed feeding/mouthparts

34
Q

Pycnogonids

A

Sea spiders

Marine

V long legs

commensals/ectoparasites of inverts

Small body - digestive system runs into legs

35
Q

Xiphosura

A

Horseshoe crab

4 species

Large carapace protect prosoma

opisthosoma is fused

36
Q

Scorpiones

A

Scorpions

arachnid

venomous telson

Tropical/sub-tropical/warm temperate environments

37
Q

Araneae

A

Spiders

disparate ecologies

Spin silk

Take down prey using venom

sperm transfer with pedipalps

Book lung

Spinnerets - spools and spiggots

eyes:

8 in 4 pairs
main
secondary eyes - reflective tapetum lucidium - good in low light

38
Q

Which spiders have image forming eyes

A

Jumping spiders and wolf spiders

39
Q

Other arachnids (not spiders or scorpions)

A

Microwhip scorpions

Pseudo scorpions

Camel spider

Opiliones - harvestman/daddy long legs

Mites/ticks

Whip spider

Whip scorpion

40
Q

Features of Insecta

A

Head/thorax/abdomen

3 pairs of legs

No appendages on abdomen

adults have 2 pairs of wings on thorax (usually)

compound eyes

ocelli - single lens to collect + focus light

41
Q

Hexapod exoskeleton

A

Chitin rods in protein matrix

Spiral layering of chitin rods

‘Tanning’ of protein to Sclerotin

Waxy layer for waterproofing

Resilin - elastic protein

42
Q

Apterygota

A

Wingless insects

silverfish

ants

lice + fleas

43
Q

Apomorphy

A

New evolutionary development

Not homologous with existing…..

44
Q

Insect wing

A

Forewing + hindwing

Apomorphy

More derived wings - more hinges for folding wings back

More derived wings - less wing veins

45
Q

Beetle wings

A

forewing sclerotized

hardened cover - elytra

flightless beetles - elytra fused

46
Q

Dipteran fly wings

A

hindwing reduced to haltere for balance during flight

47
Q

Insects with 2 pairs of wings

A

Dragonfly - overlapping wings

Bees - wings hook together

Damselflies - out of phase

48
Q

direct wing movement

A

Direct acting muscle (DAM) - basilar muscle contracts - directly pulls wing downward

Notum pushed upward

found in less derived insects - dragonflys (use indirect for raising)

49
Q

Notum

A

top of thorax

50
Q

indirect wing movement

A

To raise - indirect dorsoventral muscle contracts - notum pulled down - wings pulled upward due to mechanism of hinge

To lower - longitudinal muscles, in thorax contract - notum arch + lifted up - hinge of wing pops up forcing wing downward

Dipterian flies use indirect for both

Much higher flapping freq with indirect muscles

51
Q

Tracheal system of Insects

A

Air piped through tubes - direct O2 delivery

Opens to outside via spiracles - one per segment of abdomen

open into atrium (small hairs + spines reduce dust + debris)

52
Q

Feeding strategies of insects

A

Large variety of plants

maggots can feed on live flesh - myiasis

Feed on invert and vert - blood/tissue fluid in some species

large diversity of mouthparts - depends on diet (primitive for chewing) (evolved piercing + sucking parts)

Can feed on diff foods at diff stages of life - avoids comp between adult and young

53
Q

Internal fertilisation in insects

A

Male passes spermatozoa in package - spermatophore

Female stores in organs called spermathecae until eggs mature

Releases sperm as eggs are being laid to fertilize

54
Q

Reproductive diversity in insects

A

Viviparity - live larvae birthing (aphids)

Parthenogenic - young produced without mating (ants + aphids)

Parental care - ear wig + dung beetle supervise eggs

Colonial - one reproductive individual - social insects - colony is sterile (termites/ants/wasps/bees)

55
Q

3 types of insect life cycle

A

Ametabolous
Hemimetabolous
Holometabolous

56
Q

Ametabolous life cycle

A

found in wingless silverfish

No metamorphosis

simple development

juvenile looks like small adult

57
Q

Hemimetabolous life cycle

A

juveniles similar to adults

Get bigger after each moult

Final moult - development of reproductive organs,/adult coloration/wings

wings are just wing pads in juveniles

Both live and eat the same

58
Q

Holometabolous

A

full metamorphosis - most derived type

adult very different from larvae

larvae given different name - grub/maggot/caterpillar

Feed on different food

no antennae or compound eyes

mouthparts usually very different

wing pads not present

pupa stage - immobile and cryptic - gonads and wings develop

Biggest order - 10-1 outnumber

59
Q

Mollusc anatomy

A

Foot

Mantle/mantle cavity

ctenidia

Radula

Shell + sclerites

tetraneurous nervous system

60
Q

Mollusc foot

A

cilary locomotor organ

glide across soft + hard substrate - cilary beating + muscular undulations

modified into arms in cephalopods

burrowing organs in bivlaves + scaphopods

61
Q

Mollusc mantle

A

Protecting covering surface

secretes shell and sclerites

gap between foot and mantle - mantle cavity - contains gills and other organs)

62
Q

Mollusc ctenidia

A

gills/feeding in bivalves

Cilary beating - water current through lamellated structure

Many in chitons + monoplacophorms - reduced to 1/2 pairs in other forms

63
Q

Mollusc radula

A

ventrally attached feeding organ

conveyer belt of teeth - replaced from posterior

Attached to tough proteinaceous odontophore - can be manipulated by muscles

64
Q

Mollusc shell

A

CaCO3

structure varies - diff properties

nacre - mother of pearl

consist of several shell layers - organic periostracum + several underlying mineralised layers

secreted by mantle

65
Q

Mollusc Nervous system

A

tetraneuros - 4 longitudinal nerves through body

pedal ganglion

visceral ganglion

circumoral nervering

66
Q

Mollusc embryology

A

spiral cleavage

Trochophore larva

67
Q

Mollusca

A

Aculifera

Conchifera

68
Q

Aculifera

A

Polyplacophora

Aplacophora

69
Q

Polyplacophora

A

Chitons

8 overlapping shell plates

Numerous ctenidia in mantle cavity

Radula enforced with magnetite

mantle has sclerites in arranged zones

70
Q

Aplacophorans

A

Neomenimorpha

Chaetodermomorpha

shell less molluscs

Mantle has minute aragonite sclerites

Foot is reduced or absent

Neomenimorphs prey on hydroids

Chaetodermomorphs are infaunal selective detritovores

71
Q

Conchifera

A

Monoplacophorans

Cephalopods

Gastropods

Bivalves

Scaphopods

72
Q

Monoplacophorans

A

Serial gills

Have a number of muscle scars

similar to chitons

73
Q

Scaphopods

A

Tusk shells

Tapering, tubular shells

infaunal burrowers

selective detritovores

Diversity of life (9 decks)

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