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Diversity of life > Invertebrates > Flashcards

Invertebrates Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

Tagmosis

A

Differentiation of segments (head, thorax, abdomen)

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2
Q

Harmocoel

A

Open circulatory system

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3
Q

Heart

A

Dorsal

Pericardium - membrane enclosing

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4
Q

Nerve cord

A

Ventral

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5
Q

Biramous legs

A

2 branches

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6
Q

Uniramous legs

A

Single branch

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7
Q

What genes affect segment identity

A

Hox genes

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8
Q

Panarthropoda/Lobopoda

A

Tardigrada
Onychophora
Arthropoda

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9
Q

Onychophorans

A

Velvet worms

Terrestrial with soft cuticle

Telescopic claws

Oral papillae that secrete slime for predation and mandibles

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10
Q

Tardigrades

A

Water bears

Marine and terrestrial (extreme environments)

4 pairs of claw bearing legs

Triradiate pharynx (Y)

Fixed no of adult cells

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11
Q

Desiccation

A

Extreme drying

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12
Q

Mandibulata

A

Myriapods
Crustaceans
Insects (Hexapoda)

Have mandibles/jaws

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13
Q

Myriapods

A

Millipedes (Diplopoda)

Centipedes (Chilopoda)

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14
Q

Chilopoda

A

Centipedes

2 pairs of maxillae (2nd pair enlarged)

Poison glands on specialised limbs (1st trunk segment)

Predators - strong powerful legs

Aposematism

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15
Q

Aposematic colouring

A

Advertise venom/poison with bright colours

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16
Q

Diplopoda

A

Millipedes

Fused segments - 2 limbs per segment

Not single segments ^

Reduced number of mouthparts

Herbivores/detritivores

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17
Q

Crustaceans

A

Malacostraca

Maxillopoda

Branchiopoda

Xenocaridia

2 pairs of antennae

Biramous limbs

Nauplius larvae

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18
Q

Uropods

A

Tail flaps

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19
Q

Malacostraca

A

Decapoda

Pericardia

Euphausiacea

Stromatopoda

Phyllocardia

Head - 5 segments
Thorax - 8 segments
Abdomen - 6 segments

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20
Q

Stomatopoda

A

Mantis shrimp

Burrowing

Raptorial appendages - clubbing/piercing

Eyes - more than 16 pigments and polarised light

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21
Q

Decapoda

A

Crabs (Brachyurans + Anomurans)

Lobsters - larger claws

Shrimp - swimming limbs

3 most anterior thoracic segments - maxillipeds - food manipulation

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22
Q

Peracaridia

A

Mysids - shrimp like filter feeders

Amphipods (laterally compressed)

Isopods

Characterised by presence of marsupium - breeding pouch

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23
Q

Euphausiacea

A

Krill

important primary consumer

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24
Q

Maxillopoda

A

Theocostraca

Ostracoda

Pentastomida

fewer than 10 segments

next biggest group after Malacostraca

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25
Theocostraca
Barnacles Acorn + gooseneck
26
Ostracoda
Marine + fresh calcareous shell
27
Pentastomidia
Parasitic crustaceans
28
Branchiopoda
Notostraca Spinicaudata Laevicaudata Anostraca Cladocera Freshwater crustaceans some developed bivalved carapace
29
Xenocardia
Cephalocarida Remipedia
30
Chelicerata
Pycnogonids Xiphosura Mites and Ticks Arachnida - spiders/scorpions/camel spiders/pseudo scorpions Anatomy -
31
Prosoma
Tagmata of chelicerata tagmosis of 6 embryonic segments May have carapace appendages: no antennae or true mandibles 1 pair of chelicerae pincers/fangs 1 pair of pedipalps - usually sensory (pincers) 4 pairs of walking legs
32
Opisthosoma
Tagmata of chelicerata tagmosis of up to 12 embryonic segments + post-anal telson May be undivided (spiders) segmented (scorpions) Appendages: Book gills (Horseshoe crabs) - locomotion and respiration Book lungs Spinnerets (spiders) - silk manipulation
33
Chelicerae
Jointed feeding/mouthparts
34
Pycnogonids
Sea spiders Marine V long legs commensals/ectoparasites of inverts Small body - digestive system runs into legs
35
Xiphosura
Horseshoe crab 4 species Large carapace protect prosoma opisthosoma is fused
36
Scorpiones
Scorpions arachnid venomous telson Tropical/sub-tropical/warm temperate environments
37
Araneae
Spiders disparate ecologies Spin silk Take down prey using venom sperm transfer with pedipalps Book lung Spinnerets - spools and spiggots eyes: 8 in 4 pairs main secondary eyes - reflective tapetum lucidium - good in low light
38
Which spiders have image forming eyes
Jumping spiders and wolf spiders
39
Other arachnids (not spiders or scorpions)
Microwhip scorpions Pseudo scorpions Camel spider Opiliones - harvestman/daddy long legs Mites/ticks Whip spider Whip scorpion
40
Features of Insecta
Head/thorax/abdomen 3 pairs of legs No appendages on abdomen adults have 2 pairs of wings on thorax (usually) compound eyes ocelli - single lens to collect + focus light
41
Hexapod exoskeleton
Chitin rods in protein matrix Spiral layering of chitin rods 'Tanning' of protein to Sclerotin Waxy layer for waterproofing Resilin - elastic protein
42
Apterygota
Wingless insects silverfish ants lice + fleas
43
Apomorphy
New evolutionary development Not homologous with existing.....
44
Insect wing
Forewing + hindwing Apomorphy More derived wings - more hinges for folding wings back More derived wings - less wing veins
45
Beetle wings
forewing sclerotized hardened cover - elytra flightless beetles - elytra fused
46
Dipteran fly wings
hindwing reduced to haltere for balance during flight
47
Insects with 2 pairs of wings
Dragonfly - overlapping wings Bees - wings hook together Damselflies - out of phase
48
direct wing movement
Direct acting muscle (DAM) - basilar muscle contracts - directly pulls wing downward Notum pushed upward found in less derived insects - dragonflys (use indirect for raising)
49
Notum
top of thorax
50
indirect wing movement
To raise - indirect dorsoventral muscle contracts - notum pulled down - wings pulled upward due to mechanism of hinge To lower - longitudinal muscles, in thorax contract - notum arch + lifted up - hinge of wing pops up forcing wing downward Dipterian flies use indirect for both Much higher flapping freq with indirect muscles
51
Tracheal system of Insects
Air piped through tubes - direct O2 delivery Opens to outside via spiracles - one per segment of abdomen open into atrium (small hairs + spines reduce dust + debris)
52
Feeding strategies of insects
Large variety of plants maggots can feed on live flesh - myiasis Feed on invert and vert - blood/tissue fluid in some species large diversity of mouthparts - depends on diet (primitive for chewing) (evolved piercing + sucking parts) Can feed on diff foods at diff stages of life - avoids comp between adult and young
53
Internal fertilisation in insects
Male passes spermatozoa in package - spermatophore Female stores in organs called spermathecae until eggs mature Releases sperm as eggs are being laid to fertilize
54
Reproductive diversity in insects
Viviparity - live larvae birthing (aphids) Parthenogenic - young produced without mating (ants + aphids) Parental care - ear wig + dung beetle supervise eggs Colonial - one reproductive individual - social insects - colony is sterile (termites/ants/wasps/bees)
55
3 types of insect life cycle
Ametabolous Hemimetabolous Holometabolous
56
Ametabolous life cycle
found in wingless silverfish No metamorphosis simple development juvenile looks like small adult
57
Hemimetabolous life cycle
juveniles similar to adults Get bigger after each moult Final moult - development of reproductive organs,/adult coloration/wings wings are just wing pads in juveniles Both live and eat the same
58
Holometabolous
full metamorphosis - most derived type adult very different from larvae larvae given different name - grub/maggot/caterpillar Feed on different food no antennae or compound eyes mouthparts usually very different wing pads not present pupa stage - immobile and cryptic - gonads and wings develop Biggest order - 10-1 outnumber
59
Mollusc anatomy
Foot Mantle/mantle cavity ctenidia Radula Shell + sclerites tetraneurous nervous system
60
Mollusc foot
cilary locomotor organ glide across soft + hard substrate - cilary beating + muscular undulations modified into arms in cephalopods burrowing organs in bivlaves + scaphopods
61
Mollusc mantle
Protecting covering surface secretes shell and sclerites gap between foot and mantle - mantle cavity - contains gills and other organs)
62
Mollusc ctenidia
gills/feeding in bivalves Cilary beating - water current through lamellated structure Many in chitons + monoplacophorms - reduced to 1/2 pairs in other forms
63
Mollusc radula
ventrally attached feeding organ conveyer belt of teeth - replaced from posterior Attached to tough proteinaceous odontophore - can be manipulated by muscles
64
Mollusc shell
CaCO3 structure varies - diff properties nacre - mother of pearl consist of several shell layers - organic periostracum + several underlying mineralised layers secreted by mantle
65
Mollusc Nervous system
tetraneuros - 4 longitudinal nerves through body pedal ganglion visceral ganglion circumoral nervering
66
Mollusc embryology
spiral cleavage Trochophore larva
67
Mollusca
Aculifera Conchifera
68
Aculifera
Polyplacophora Aplacophora
69
Polyplacophora
Chitons 8 overlapping shell plates Numerous ctenidia in mantle cavity Radula enforced with magnetite mantle has sclerites in arranged zones
70
Aplacophorans
Neomenimorpha Chaetodermomorpha shell less molluscs Mantle has minute aragonite sclerites Foot is reduced or absent Neomenimorphs prey on hydroids Chaetodermomorphs are infaunal selective detritovores
71
Conchifera
Monoplacophorans Cephalopods Gastropods Bivalves Scaphopods
72
Monoplacophorans
Serial gills Have a number of muscle scars similar to chitons
73
Scaphopods
Tusk shells Tapering, tubular shells infaunal burrowers selective detritovores

Diversity of life (9 decks)

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