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Biology - Zoology > Invertebrates - Annelids > Flashcards

Invertebrates - Annelids Flashcards

1
Q

What is the bodyplan of annelids?

A

Metameric
Triploblastic
Coelomates
Bilateral Symmetry

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2
Q

Metameric

A

This describes segments of an organism with similar structures

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3
Q

Triploblastic

A

This means the formation of two/three embryonic ger mlayers.

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4
Q

What three triploblastic layers are there?

A

Ectoderm, Mesoderm and Endoerm.

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5
Q

What doe the three layers give rise to?

A

Ectoderm the skin/nervous system, mesoderm the muscles, bones and circulatory systems whilst the Endoderm the digestive/respiratory systems.

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6
Q

Coelomates

A

This means lacking a true abdominal cavity.

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7
Q

What are the two head regions of annelids?

A

Prostomium
Peristomium

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8
Q

Prostomium

A

This is hte most anterior pre-segmental part of the body to the mouth

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9
Q

Peristomium

A

This is the first dinstinct post-prostomalregion of segment around the mouth.

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10
Q

Pygidium

A

This is the terminal part non-homologous to the body segments containing the anus.

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11
Q

What is the importance of the ceolom?

A

This seperates the body wall and the gut.

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12
Q

What makes clear distinct metameric segments?

A

Annuli.

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13
Q

How does each metameric segment differ from one another?

A

Different hydralic properties
Each contain portion of circulatory, nervous and excretory systems.

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14
Q

Why is metameric repetition functionally usful?

A

Specialization and differentation of different segments(sensory organs) and redundancy in injury/damage, and greater flexibility/mobility.

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15
Q

Bilateral Symmetry

A

This is a midline axis in which symmetry is observed.

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16
Q

Why is bilateral symmetry functionally imprtan?

A

Allows for paired appendage development like chaetae for substrate gripping.

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17
Q

What environments do Polychaetae inhabit?

A

Intertidal zones.

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18
Q

What is the basic structure of Polychaetae?

A

Head, segmented trunk and pygidum, with palps and antenna

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19
Q

Palps

A

These are finger-like projections located laterally on either side of the phyostome

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20
Q

What does the hypostome refer to?

A

Mouth associated structures.

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21
Q

Cirri

A

Tassel-like appendages growing on surface of fish and invertebrates.

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22
Q

Chaetae

A

These are stiff bristles made of chitin found in annelids.

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23
Q

Parapodia

A

These are locomotory organs of segmented worms belonging to polychaeta.

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24
Q

What appendages do polychaeta contain?

A

Chaeta
Parapodia

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25
Q

What reproductive method does Polychaeta have?

A

Doecious

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26
Q

Oligochaeta

A

These are majorly freshwater/terrestial species and burrowers.

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27
Q

How do Oligochaeta differ from Polychaeta?

A

Lacking parapodia, fewer chaeta.
Less elaborate head appendages
Hermaphroditic

28
Q

Citellum

A

This is an epidermis modification being a saddle-like ring secreting a viscid sac in which the eggs are deposited.

29
Q

What are the features of Hirundinidae?

A

Fixed amount of segments
Anterior/Posterior suckers
Lack parapodia and chaeta

30
Q

Where are Hirundinidae found?

A

Freshwater and saltwater envrionments with some in moist terrestial.

31
Q

What are examples of Annelids?

A

Fan worms, bristle worms, earthworms and leeches.

32
Q

How many annelid species are there?

A

16,500 species

33
Q

What are the classes of Annelids?

A

Polychaeta, Oligochaeta and Hirudinea

34
Q

What two clades does genetic evidence suggest?

A

Errantia(Mobile marine predators) and Sedentaria(Marine sedentary worms, Earthworms and Leeches)

35
Q

Errantia

A

These are marine predators, crawling on or burrowing in seafloor, having parapodia on each segment, being diecoious

36
Q

Sedentaria

A

A

37
Q

Sedentaria

A

Aquatic/terrestial with Earthworms being burrowers, lug/fan worms are filter feeders whilst leeches are ectoparasites, with absent or very small parapodia.

38
Q

What is the developmental pathway of Annelids?

A

Zygote forms the blastula, then the gastrula, the blastopore invaginates forming the archenteron and blastoceol.

39
Q

What do the archenteron and blastocoel form?

A

The gut(then epidermis) and the coelomic cavity(then mesodermal lining and musculature and blood vessels)

40
Q

What does the Ectoderm give rise to?

A

The epidermis and the nervous system

41
Q

What nervous system components do annelids contian?

A

Two ganglia in the head and a ventral nerve for movement/motor functions.

42
Q

What does the mesoderm give rise ti?

A

Musculature, circulatory systems and coelomic cavity

43
Q

What does the Endoderm give rise to?

A

This forms the lining of the digestive tract for nutrient absorption and waste excretion

44
Q

Why is triploblastic advantageous?

A

Allows specialization.

45
Q

What forms the three germ layers?

A

Blasatomeres derived from the zygote in gastrulation.

46
Q

What happens after germ layer formation?

A

Organogenesis.

47
Q

Hydrostatic Skeleton

A

This is a cavity filled with incompressible water for application of force and shape change.

48
Q

What is the musculature surrounded by?

A

Collagenous ECM network supporting and stabilising the body.

49
Q

How is movement facilitated in annelids?

A

Fluid pressure changes within the coelomic cavity(constant volume), thus muscular contraction/re;axation alows movement.

50
Q

What is the primary advantage of Hydrostatic Skeleton?

A

Allowing seperation of the skeletal and muscular systems, so muscles not contrainsed by rigid skeleotn.

51
Q

What are the two types of muscle that facilitate movement?

A

Circular and Longitudinal

52
Q

How do circular muscles influence movement?

A

Contraction increases coelmic cavity pressure, causing a longer and thinner wider.

53
Q

How do Longitudinal muscles influence movement?

A

Contraction decreases cavity pressure, becoming shorter and wider.

54
Q

What sensory systems are found in Annelids?

A

Chemosensory, Eyes and Tentacles

55
Q

Chemosensory Organs

A

These are organ systems of which taste and smell are examples.

56
Q

What is the main advantage of being coelomate?

A

Space for organ development, with large fluid filld cavity allowing organ development independet of one another.

57
Q

What is the feeding structure of Earthworms?

A

Typhlosoles at the pharynx for grinding food and digestion, connected to digestive system by esophagus.

58
Q

What is a ubiqutious feature of annelid mouths?

A

Circular pharynx at the anteriod end.

59
Q

What is the importance of the pharynx?

A

Assists by ciliary movement and mucous secretion with movement to digestive tract.

60
Q

What are chaetae?

A

Chitin polysaccharide structures formed in the chaetoblast cells of the epidermis.

61
Q

How do chaetae relate in Polychaete?

A

Arrange in bundles called parapodia.

62
Q

What is the function of chaetae?

A

Protection and support as well as in locomotion.

63
Q

How are polychaetae defined?

A

Marine worms with more body form variety: many parapodia, covered in chaetae used for locomotion and increased surface area.

64
Q

How do PC and OLGIO differ?

A

PC hunt for prey, whilst oligo ingest soil and are terrestial and freshwater, without parapodia.

65
Q

What is the reproductive method of PC?

A

Dioecious, releasing gametes into water for external fertilization

66
Q

What is the reproductive method for Olgio?

A

Hermaphroditic, exchanging sperm packets between two individuals by secretion of a cocoon from the citellum.

Biology - Zoology (10 decks)

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