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Biology - Zoology > Invertebrates - Hexapoda > Flashcards

Invertebrates - Hexapoda Flashcards

1
Q

Why are insects so diverse?

A

Greater Adaptability
Smaller Size
Exoskeleton
Flight capacity
Sensorial organs
High Fecundity

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2
Q

What are the three structures?

A

Head
Thorax
Abdomen

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3
Q

Head Cpasule

A

This is the exoskeleton head structure of insects housing the brain, mouthparts and sense organs like ocelli and antennae.

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4
Q

What is the structure of the antennae?

A

Divided into antennomeres covered in sensilla

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5
Q

What are sensilla for?

A

Senssation such as thermo, chemo and mechanoreceptors

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6
Q

What do chemoreceptors detect?

A

Toxins, food odours, or pheromones

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7
Q

How are stimuli detected by receptors?

A

Bound sensory neurons

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8
Q

How does chemoreception occur?

A

Binding of a molecule to receptor and initation of intracellular signalling pathways generating electrical signals to the brain

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9
Q

How are mecanoreceptors activated?

A

Mechanistic pressure with opening of ion channels allowing passage of ions and electrical signal generation.

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10
Q

How do insects detect light and movement?

A

Compound Eyes

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11
Q

Compound Eyes

A

Primary visual receptors of adult insects composed of photoreceptor cells.

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12
Q

Ommatidia

A

These are the optical structures making up the compound eyes.

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13
Q

How is light sensed?

A

Photosensitive pigments called opsins where a curved cuticle focuses light onto the eye.

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14
Q

What does light absorption cause?

A

Conformational changes and electrical signals interpreted by neurons.

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15
Q

What mouth structures do they contain?

A

Mandibles, maxillae and labium

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16
Q

What are the three segments of the thorax?

A

Prothorax, mesothroax and metathorax.

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17
Q

What does each thorax segment contain?

A

All have a leg pair whilst the meso and meta each a pair of wings.

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18
Q

What happens in the thorax?

A

This is where organs and muscles necessary for locomotion are found.

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19
Q

What are the primary flight muscles?

A

Dorsal Longitudinal and Dorsoventral muscles.

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20
Q

What are the DL and DV muscles responsble for?

A

Up-down and twist-turn movement respectively

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21
Q

How do the dorsalventral muscles work.

A

Antagonistic meaning contraction of one results in the relaxation of another.

22
Q

What is the respiratory system?

A

Trachae

23
Q

What is the structure of the trachea?

A

This is opening to the environment by spiracles where flow is regulated interally and externally by muscles.

24
Q

What is the interior structure of the trachea?

A

Series of tubules decreasing in size from tracheae into tracheoles for diffusion

25
Q

What is the abdomen composed of?

A

Tergites and sternites, digestive, reproductive and respiratory systems.

26
Q

Tergites

A

These form the regum of the segment being a sclerotized plate.

27
Q

Sternites

A

These are sclerotized plates forming the sternum of a segment.

28
Q

What is the structure of the digestive system?

A

Fore, Mid and Hindgut, recieving/processing food, digesting/abosrption then waste product elimination.

29
Q

What does the female reproductive system consist of?

A

Ovaries, Oviducts and Spermatheca

30
Q

What does the male reproductive system consist of?

A

Testes, accessory glands and the penis

31
Q

What are the forms of reproduction in insects?

A

Internal fertilisation, direct sperm transfer, sexual dimoprihsm and courtship rituals.

32
Q

What are the types of insect wing?

A

Membranous wings
Elytra
Tegmen
Hemelytra
Halters

33
Q

What is the structure of membranous wings?

A

Membrane and veings providing structural integrity, membrane with two cutciles with thin layer of air between them

34
Q

How do the membranous wings work?

A

Wing flapping creates low pressure areas above the wing and high pressure below it, generating lift, with membrane flexibility allowing shape and angle pressure changes

35
Q

Elytra

A

These are hardened forewings protecting the membranous hindwings

36
Q

Tegmen

A

These are thin membranous supported by a vein network for stress/strain distribution during flight.

37
Q

Hemelytra

A

These are a type of modified foreweings thick and horny at the base whilst membranous at the apex.

38
Q

Halteres

A

These are knob-like structures just behind the wing playing roles in staiblity and orientation of flight

39
Q

Hindwings

A

These are functionally important in support of flight and lift generation, sexual display, camoflauge and protection.

40
Q

What are the types of life cycle?

A

Ametabolous
Hemimetabolous
Holometaoblous

41
Q

Ametabolous

A

This means to undergo slight or no metamorphosis like orthoptera and heteroptera

42
Q

What is ametabolous characterised by?

A

Young hatchlings are similar to adults yet smaller in size, growing through exoskeleton moulting.

43
Q

Hemimetabolous

A

This is incomplete metamorphosis in which the young does not resemble the adult like sprintails

44
Q

Instars

A

These are the stages in the life of an arthropod between successive molts

45
Q

What do hemimetabolous insects progress through?

A

INstars where from nymphs they resemble miniature adults

46
Q

What is hemimetabolous regulated by?

A

Juvenile Hormones and Ecdysone

47
Q

Juvenhile Hormone

A

These are hormones regulating development, metamorphosis and reproduction.

48
Q

Ecdysone

A

THis is a developmenetal regulator triggering degradation and remodelling of the larval tissues in metamorphoiss

49
Q

How does ecdysone progress through the instars?

A

Increase from early to later whilst JH opposite

50
Q

Holometabolous

A

This is the individual development with complete metamorphosis through egg, larva, pupa and adults

Biology - Zoology (10 decks)

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