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Biology - Zoology > Invertebrates - Molluscs > Flashcards

Invertebrates - Molluscs Flashcards

1
Q

What is the general body plan of molluscs?

A

Coelomates
Bilateral Symmetry
Protostomes

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2
Q

Protosotomes

A

These are animals in which the mouth develops from a primary embryonic opening, like annelids, molluscs or arthropods.

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3
Q

How does the mollusc coelom differ?

A

Exists as appendages around the pericardial chamber, nephridia and sometimes perivisceral chamber.

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4
Q

What are the three distinct regions of molluscs?

A

Head, Foot and Visceral mass with a Hoemel coelom.

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5
Q

What sensory structures do molluscs have?

A

Eyes, Statocysts and tentacles.

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6
Q

What is the mollusc body vover?

A

A mantle that is covered in a calcareous skeleton embedded in the body wall.

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7
Q

What is housed in the mantle cavity?

A

Gills, Ctenidia, gut, nephridia, reproductive opening and osphradia.

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8
Q

Where does circulation occur in aquatic molluscs?

A

Mantle cavity.

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9
Q

What regional specializations does the foot have?

A

A radal and pericardial cavity open circulatory system.

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10
Q

How is mollusc excretion facilitated?

A

A pair of nephridial kidneys

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11
Q

What is the structure of the mollusc nervous system?

A

Cerebral ganglia, nerve ring, two nerve cords and paired ganglia.

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12
Q

What is the developmenet of molluscs?

A

Internal or External with protostome and spiral cleavage with distinct larval stages.

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13
Q

What are hte three primary mollusc classes?

A

Bivalvia
Gastropoda
Cephalopoda

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14
Q

What are Bivalvia defined by?

A

Containing of two seperate shells called valves.

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15
Q

Where do bivalves inhabit?

A

Marine and Freshwater habitats.

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16
Q

What are some general features of bivalves?

A

Expanded gills for filter feeding and respiration, dioecious with external fertilization and free-swimming larva, mostly sedentary or burrowing with bilateral symmetry.

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17
Q

What defines Gastropoda?

A

Terrestial or Aquatic, well developed head for finding food, asymmetrical body due to torsion

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18
Q

Torsion

A

This is the rotation of the visceral mass, mantle and shell 180 degrees with respect to head and foot.

19
Q

What are the gastropoda feeding habits?

A

Herbivorous, Carnivorous or scavengers.

20
Q

How are cephalopoda unique?

A

Contain a body cavity with the pericardium, nadal cavity, nephriopericardial connections, gonodcuts and other canals.

21
Q

What are the layers of the mollusc body wall?

A

Cuticle
Epidermis
Musculature

22
Q

What is the structure of the cuticle?

A

Amino acids and sclerotized proteins

23
Q

What is the structure of the Epidermis?

A

Cuboidal/Columnar cells, many being ciliated and participating in cuticle secretion

24
Q

What epidermal cells are present in the Epidermis?

A

Sensory epidermal papillae.

25
Q

What are the three distinct muscle layers?

A

Outer Circular Layer, Middle Diagonal layer and an inner longitudinal layer.

26
Q

What does the mantle house?

A

The ctenidia or gills and depository for excretory waste products and reproductive systems.

27
Q

How is water movement facilitated?

A

Ciliary action except in cephalopods(innvervated nerve action)

28
Q

What is the mechanism of water circulation in cephalopods?

A

Contraction/relaxation draw in and exude water.

29
Q

How is gastropod locomotion facilitated?

A

Sets of pedal retractor muscles in the foot

30
Q

What is the structure of the pedal muscles in gastropods?

A

Attach to the shell and dorsal mantle at a variety of angles that function to raise and lower or shorten in longitudinal/lattitudinal directions

31
Q

What are the two forms of wave in gastropod locomotion?

A

Direct
Retrograde

32
Q

Direct Waves

A

This is contraction of posterior musculature longitudinally, pushing successive reigons of the foot

33
Q

Retrograde Wave

A

This is transverse muscle contraction pulling forward series of muscles with interactions with hemocoelic pressure, extending the anterior portion of the foot.

34
Q

How do bivalves burrow?

A

Muscles/Hemolymph allow foot extension, then shell adductor muscles pulling valves together with elongation of the foot, with foot extension followed by exudation of hemolymph from visceral mass to anchor

35
Q

How is the foot adapted in swimming species?

A

Cephalopods in jet propulsion.

36
Q

What is the mechanism of jet propulsion?

A

Contraction of radial muscles with relaxation of circular muscles drawing in water.

37
Q

How my cephalopods regulate buoynacy?

A

Secretion/reabsorption of gases by siphuncle cells.

38
Q

What are the feeding habits of molluscs?

A

Herbivores, predators or susepsnion feeds.

39
Q

How do gastropods feed?

A

Extending radula with pharynx or buccal cavity with associated muscles, moved across an odontophore by retractor muscles.

40
Q

What do odontoblasts do in gastropods?

A

Continously produce new teeth for the radula to replace those lost by erosion.

41
Q

Microphagy

A

This is feeding on minute particles like bacteria,.

42
Q

What is the hemolymph important for?

A

Picking up digestion products and delivering to tissues

43
Q

What is the strucrre of the pericardial chamber?

A

Two atria and a ventricle with vessels connected to the atrai allowing drawing in of oxygenated hemolymph from the ctenidium

Biology - Zoology (10 decks)

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