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Semester 4 > investigations > Flashcards

investigations Flashcards

1
Q

Serum Ferritin

  • Indications
  • Results
  • Method
  • Pathology
A

Indications: to assess the levels of iron stored in the body , iron is stored bound to protein forming complexes ferritin and haemosiderin, ferritin is the main storage complex and present in liver, bone marrow and spleen, ferritin concentration in the blood stream reflects amount of iron stored in the body

Results: low - iron deficiency a decrease the amount of iron stored in the body, cause iron deficiency anaemia

  • Method: blood sample from vein

Pathology: iron deficiency anaemia

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2
Q

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

  • Indications
  • Results
  • Method
  • Pathology
A

Indication - to detect and monitor activity of inflammation as an aid in the diagnosis of the underlying cause . measurement of the rate of fall (sedimentation) of RBCs in a tall thin tube of blood

Results - recorded as how many mm of clear plasma are present at the top of the column after one hour. Normally RBCs slowly all leaving little clear plasma, increased blood levels of certain proteins such as fibrinogen or immunoglobulins which are increased in inflammation cause RBCs to fall more rapidly increasing the ESR

Method: blood sample

Pathology: temporal arthritis, polymyalgia rheumatica

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3
Q

Gray and hollander test

A

Indication: to assess secretory function of the stomach

Method: pentagastrin, a synthetic drug containing terminal tetra peptide active site gastrin has been used instead of histamine, thereby avoiding the side effects due to histamine action on H1 receptors

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4
Q

Stool examination

  • Indications
  • Results
  • Pathology
A

Indications: pathogenic protozoa and helminthic ova, Hpylori

Results: blood from anorectal disease seen as streaks on the surface of the stool, pale stool for intradermal and extra hepatic cholestasis and sever steatorrhoea

Pathology: ulcers due to H.pylori, steatorrhoea

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5
Q

ALT

  • Indications
  • Results
  • Method
  • Function
A

Results: A rise in levels indicates hepatocellular damage or extensive systemic damage resulting from trauma e.g. severe sustained hypoxia or car crash

Method: blood test

Indications: liver damage/disease

Function: converts alanine an amino acid in proteins into pyruvate an intermediate cellular energy production, in health individuals ATL levels are low, when liver is damaged ALT is released into the blood

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6
Q

AST (aspartate aminotransferase)

  • Results
  • Method
  • Pathology
A

Pathology: A rise in levels occurs in acute hepatocellular damage, heart attack, significant lung or muscle damage

Results: Increased levels when liver or muscle cells are injured they release AST into the blood

Method: blood test

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7
Q

ALP (alkaline phosphatase)

  • Indications
  • Results
  • Method
  • Pathology
A

Indications: liver disease or bone disorders, to detect blocked bile ducts, because ALP is high in edges of cells that join to form bile ducts, if one or more of them are obstructed then blood levels of ALP will often be high

Pathology: In conditions affecting the liver, damaged liver cells release increased amounts of ALP into the blood,

Method: blood test

Results: increased

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8
Q

Bilirubin

  • Indications
  • Results
  • Method
  • Pathology
A

Indications: liver disorders, haemolytic anaemia, monitor neonatal jaundice. Bilirubin is a waste product primarily produced by the normal breakdown of heme. Heme is a component of haemoglobin which is found in RBCs. Bilirubin is ultimately processed by the liver to allow its elimination from the body. This test measures the amount of bilirubin in the blood to evaluate a person’s liver function or to help diagnoses anaemias caused by RBC destruction.

Method: blood sample

Results: If the bilirubin level increases in the blood, a person may appearjaundiced, with a yellowing of the skin and/or whites of the eyes. unconjugated bilirubin may be increased when there is an unusual amount of RBC destruction (haemolysis) or when the liver is unable to process bilirubin (i.e., withliver diseasessuch ascirrhosisor inherited problems). Conversely, conjugated bilirubin can increase when the liver is able to process bilirubin but is not able to pass the conjugated bilirubin to the bile for removal; when this happens, the cause is oftenacute hepatitisor blockage of the bile ducts.

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9
Q

GGT (gamma-glutamyl transferase)

  • Indications
  • Results
  • Method
  • Pathology
A

Indications: possible liver disease or bile duct disease, to differentiate between liver and bone disease, monitor alcohol abuse

Method: blood test

Results: GGT is an enzyme found in many organs throughout the body, with the highest concentrations found in the liver. GGT is elevated in the blood in most diseases that cause damage to the liver or bile ducts. increased with consumption of alcohol

Pathology: liver disease, liver cancer, viral hepatitis, non hepatic conditions e.g. acute coronary syndrome

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10
Q

Haemoglobin

  • Indications
  • Results
  • Method
  • Pathology
A

Indications: to assess severity and monitor response to treatment of anaemia (low RBCs = anaemia) high RBCs = polycythaemia. Measures the amount of Hb in the blood as an indication of the blood’s ability to carry O2 throughout the body

Results: If the haemoglobin levels are low, the patient has anaemia, the body is not getting enough oxygen causing fatigue and weakness. If haemoglobin levels are high this suggests polycythaemia, when severe the blood can become too viscous potentially leading to heart failure, heart attacks and strokes

Method: blood sample

Pathology: Anaemia, polycythaemia, thalassaemia

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11
Q

White cell count

  • Indications
  • Results
  • Method
  • Pathology
A

Indications - to check for infection, inflammatory disease, immune deficiency, bone marrow disease or allergy and to monitor treatment. indicates the number of WBCs in the blood
Results: if high may indicate infection
Method: blood sample
Pathology: leukaemia, inflammatory disease, immune deficiency, bone marrow disease or allergy

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12
Q

Platelets

  • Indications
  • Results
  • Method
  • Pathology
A

Indications - to help indicate the cause or potential for excessive bleeding and to diagnose a platelet function disorder to monitor and evaluate platelet function to monitor the presence and effectiveness of anti platelet medication. Used when patient experiences excessive, or prolonged bleeding.

Method - blood sample

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13
Q

Arterial blood gasses (ABGs)

- Indications

A

Indications - evaluate blood pH, oxygen, carbon dioxide to monitor treatment for lung disease, to detect acid base imbalance in blood which may indicate acidosis/alkalosis or kidney disorder, heart failure, uncontrolled diabetes, patient with respiratory symptoms such as difficulty breathing or shortness of breath

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14
Q

What results from ABGs suggest respiratory acidosis and what causes respiratory acidosis?

A

Low pH
Increased PaCO2
Due to respiratory depression

pathology:
- pneumonia
- COPD
- Over sedation from narcotics
- Myasthenia graves
- Asthma

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15
Q

What results from ABGs suggest metabolic acidosis and what causes metabolic acidosis?

A

Low pH
Decreased bicarbonate
blood is too acidic for proper metabolic kidney function

Pathology:

  • diabetes
  • shock
  • renal failure
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16
Q

What results from ABGs suggest respiratory alkalosis and what causes respiratory alkalosis?

A

Raised pH
Decreased PaCO2

Over ventilation caused by:

  • hyperventilating
  • pain
  • emotional distress
  • lung disease that interfere with oxygen exchange
  • pneumonia
  • Brain trauma
  • anxiety
17
Q

What results from ABGs suggest metabolic alkalosis and what causes metabolic alkalosis?

A 
Elevated pH 
increased bicarbonate 
hypokalaemia 
Chronic vomiting (losing acid from the stomach) 
NaHCO3 overdose

Pathology:

  • Heart failure
  • low potassium
  • cirrhosis
18
Q

Full blood count

  • Indications
  • Results
  • Method
  • Pathology
A

Indication - evaluates the cells that circulate in the blood WBCs, RBCs and platelets to determine health status and to diagnose: anaemia, infection, inflammation, bleeding disorder, cancer

19
Q

Electrolytes

  • Indications
  • Results
  • Method
  • Pathology
A

Function: sodium, potassium, chloride and bicarbonate are measured, they help move nutrients into and wastes out of body cells, maintain healthy water balance and help stabilise the body’s acid/base balance (pH) level

Results: fall in sodium and chloride suggests renal disease as individual retains excess fluid, resulting in a dilutition effect

severe fluid loss, shows an increase in potassium, sodium and chloride concentrations, affected by heart disease and diabetes

20
Q

Creatinine based estimate of GFR

- Indications

A

Indications - used to diagnose or rule out CKD

21
Q

Cystatin C - base estimate of GFR

  • What is it
  • cautions
A

Estimation of glomerular filtration eGFRcystatinC using a prediction equation

Interpret eGFRcystatinC with caution in people with uncontrolled thyroid disease because eGFRcystatinC values may be falsely elevated in people with hypothyroidism and reduced in people with hyperthyroidism.

Semester 4 (15 decks)

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