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Chemical and Physical Foundations of Biological Systems > Ions > Flashcards

Ions Flashcards

To learn the molecular structure and charge of common polyatomic and monoatomic ions.

1
Q

What is the charge and chemical formula for a phosphate ion?

A

PO43-

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2
Q

What is the charge and chemical formula for a phosphate ion?

A

PO43-

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3
Q

What is the charge and chemical formula for a phosphite ion?

A

PO33-

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4
Q

What is the charge and chemical formula for a phosphite ion?

A

PO33-

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5
Q

What is the charge and chemical formula for an ammonium ion?

A

NH4+

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6
Q

What is the charge and chemical formula for a nitrate ion?

A

NO3-

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7
Q

What is the charge and chemical formula for a carbonate ion?

A

CO32-

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8
Q

What is the charge and chemical formula for a carbonate ion?

A

CO32-

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9
Q

What is the charge and chemical formula for a nitrite ion?

A

NO2-

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10
Q

What is the charge and chemical formula for a hydroxide ion?

What type of chemical produces hydroxide ions in Aqueous Solution?

A

OH-

Arrhenius Bases Produce Hydroxide ions

Bronsted-Lowry Bases Act as Proton Acceptors, and Lewis Bases Donate Electrons

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11
Q

What is the charge and chemical formula for a proton?

What Type of Chemical Produces Protons in Aqueous Solutions?

A

H+

Bronsted-Lowry Acids Produce Protons in Aqueous Solutions

Arrhenius Acids produce hydronium ions in aqueous solutions and Lewis acids act as an electron acceptor

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12
Q

What is the charge and chemical formula for a hydronium ion?

What Type of Chemical Produces Protons in Aqueous Solutions?

A

H3O+

Arrhenius Acids Produce Hydronium Ions in Aqueous Solutions

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13
Q

What is the charge and chemical formula for a perchlorate ion?

A

ClO4-

Prefix per and suffix -ate = four oxygens

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14
Q

What is the charge and chemical formula for a chlorate ion?

A

ClO3-

Only suffix -ate = three oxygens

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15
Q

What is the charge and chemical formula for a chlorite ion?

A

ClO2-

Only suffix -“ite”=two oxygen atoms

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16
Q

What is the charge and chemical formula for a hypochlorite ion?

A

ClO-

Prefix “hypo” and suffix -“ite” = only one oxygen atom

17
Q

What is the charge and chemical formula for a chromate ion?

A

CrO42-

18
Q

What is the charge and chemical formula for a dichromate ion?

A

Cr2O72-

Prefix “Di” means two, so double the amount of chromate. Lewis structure only allows for seven oxygen atoms.

19
Q

What is the charge and chemical formula for a permanganate ion?

A

MnO4-

20
Q

What is the charge and chemical formula for a hydrogen sulfate (aka bisulfate) ion?

A

HSO42-

21
Q

What is the charge and chemical formula for a hydrogen carbonate (aka bicarbonate) ion?

A

HCO32-

22
Q

What are “salts?”

What are the common elements that salts are made from

Also, what are the charges associated with these ions?

A

A salt consists of positively charged cations and negatively charged anions, which results in a compound with no net electric charge. The most common salts are made from the ionic bonding of either alkali or alkaline earth metals and halogens.

Alkali metals are the group 1A elements of the periodic table and have a +1 charge in their cationic form.

Alkaline earth metals are the group 2A elements of the periodic table and have a +2 charge in their cationic form.

Halogens are the group 7A elements of the periodic table and have a -1 charge in their anionic form.

Therefore, alkali earth metals will ionically bond with halogens in a 1:1 ratio.

(i.e. NaCl)

While alkaline earth metals will ionically bond with halogens in a 2:1 ratio.
(i.e. CaCl2)

23
Q

What is an ionic bond?

How is this different than a covalent bond?

A

An ionic bond occurs when there is a large electronegativity diffence between the elements reacting, causing the least electronegative element to donate an electron to the most electronegative element which neuatralizes both ionic species and fullfils their valence electron shell.

In a covalent bond, a pair of electrons is shared between two atoms. In an ionic bond, the most electronegative atom will take an electron from an element that has a low ionization energy (is readily willing to give up this electron to reach a stable valence electron configuration).

24
Q

What is the charge and chemical formula for a oxalate ion?

A

C2O4-2

25
Q

What is the charge and chemical formula for a acetate ion?

A

CH3COO- or C2H3O2-

26
Q

What is the charge and chemical formula for a formate ion?

A

HCOO- or CHO2-

27
Q

What is the charge and chemical formula for a cyanide ion?

A

CN-

28
Q

What is the charge and chemical formula for a thiocyanate ion?

A

CNS-

It may help to remember that the prefix “thio-“ refers to sulfur. An SH group on a molecule is referred to as a thiol.

29
Q

What is the charge and chemical formula for an iodate ion?

A

IO3-

30
Q

What is the charge and chemical formula for a silicate ion?

A

SiO4-4

31
Q

What is the charge and chemical formula for an oxide ion?

A

O2-2

Note that the sulfide anion has the same charge as the oxide anion. These two ions are both group 6A elements and have the same valence electron configuration (sulfide has more electrons and is consequently more polarizable).

32
Q

What is the charge and chemical formula for a sulfide ion?

A

S2-2

Note that the sulfide anion has the same charge as the oxide anion. These two ions are both group 6A elements and have the same valence electron configuration (sulfide has more electrons and is consequently more polarizable).

33
Q

What is the charge and chemical formula for a peroxide ion?

A

O2-2

Note that the chareg is still -2 even though there are two oxygen atoms in this moleucle.

34
Q

What is the charge and chemical formula for a zinc ion?

A

Zn+2

35
Q

What is the charge and chemical formula for a silver ion?

A

Ag+

36
Q

What is the charge and chemical formula for a aluminum ion?

A

Al3+

37
Q

The rest of the ions will not need to be memorized (just their atomic symbol) becuase they exist in multiple charged forms. Because of this, we have to indicate the form the ion exists in. How is this performed?

A

Iron is a transition metal that exists as either a +2 or +3 cation. Therefore, we refer to Fe+3 as Iron (III), and Fe+2 as iron (II).

Cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), gold (Au), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn) mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), and tin (Sn), all can exist in different charged cationic forms.

38
Q

What is special about mercury(I)?

A

It is a diatomic ion = Hg22+

Chemical and Physical Foundations of Biological Systems (11 decks)

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