Ions & Bonding

Question 1

define atom

Answer 1

the smallest unit of matter that retains its properties

Question 2

what are the 3 subatomic particles?

Answer 2

protons, neutrons and electrons

Question 3

how is the mass number calculated?

Answer 3

number of protons + number of neutrons

Question 4

how is the number of neutrons calculated?

Answer 4

mass number - atomic number

Question 5

how is the atomic number calculated?

Answer 5

number of protons

Question 6

define isotopes

Answer 6

variations of the same element with different numbers of neutrons

Question 7

what subatomic particle affects the chemical properties of an element?

Answer 7

electrons

Question 8

do the physical properties change depending on the different isotopes of an element?

Answer 8

yes

Question 9

what physical properties vary between isotopes?

Answer 9

masses
densities
mpt / bpt

Question 10

how is the average mass of an element calculated?

Answer 10

isotope 1 (abundance x mass/ 100) + isotope 2 (abundance x mass/100)

Question 11

define ion

Answer 11

charged atoms or molecules

Question 12

which is positive and which is negative; cations and anions

Answer 12

cations are positive and anions are negative

Question 13

define bonding

Answer 13

the forces between particles that cause them to stick together

Question 14

define structure

Answer 14

the 3D arrangement of particles as a consequence of bonding

Question 15

define lattice

Answer 15

a repeating pattern of particles

Question 16

define discrete

Answer 16

individual particles not arranged in a pattern

Question 17

define allotropes

Answer 17

different structural forms of the same element (same chem. properties, different physical properties)

Question 18

halogens exist as…

Answer 18

diatomic molecules held together by a single covalent bond

Question 19

what are the predicted properties of halogens?

Answer 19

1. low mpt (weak IMFs)
2. do not conduct
3. soluble only in oil-like substances

Question 20

what is the standard state color (aq) of:

F₂
Cl₂
Br₂
I₂

Answer 20

F₂ : (g) pale yellow (aq) colorless
Cl₂ : (g) pale green (aq) pale yellow
Br₂: (l) red/brown (aq) orange
I₂ : (s) grey (aq) brown/orange

Question 21

what is the relationship of mpt from F₂ - Al₂

Answer 21

mpt inscreases from F₂ to Al₂ because the particles get bigger and there is a larger surface area (more IMFs)

Question 22

test 1 for halogens

Answer 22

Cl₂ damp blue
litmus→red→white

Br₂ damp blue
litmus→red→white (slow)

I₂ starch→blue/black

Question 23

test 2 for halogens (hexane test)

Answer 23

Cl₂ hexane→colorless

Br₂ hexane→orange

I₂ hexane→pink

Question 24

Cl₂ + H₂O→
Br₂ + H₂O→

Answer 24

HCl + HOCl
HBr + HOBr

Question 25

what color did the reaction of Fe and Cl₂ glow?

Answer 25

red

Question 26

what happens to the mpt to alkaline earth metals (group 2)?

Answer 26

the mpt decreases but it is always higher than Group 1 due to the higher magnitude of charge and more delocalised electrons

Question 27

what happens to the reactivity of Alkaline group metals (group 2)?

Answer 27

the reactivity increases but it is always lower than group 1 because they need to lose 2 electrons, not just 1

Question 28

what are the 4 properties of transition metals?

Answer 28

• high mpt (higher than group 1 & 2)
• high density
• variable charges (2+,3+, → 8+)
• form colored compounds

Question 29

what are the colors of the following ions

Fe²⁺
Fe³⁺
Cu²⁺
Mn²⁺
Mn⁷⁺
Cr³⁺
Cr⁶⁺

Answer 29

Fe²⁺……………..green
Fe³⁺……………..orange/brown
Cu²⁺……………..blue
Mn²⁺…………….pink
Mn⁷⁺…………….purple
Cr³⁺………………green
Cr⁶⁺………………bright orange

Question 30

define inert

Answer 30

a full outer energy level which causes the atom to be unreactive

Question 31

what are the properties of noble gases?

Answer 31

• very low mpt (weak inter-atomic forces)
• do not conduct
• insoluble in water
• no bonding, exist as single atoms
• full outer energy level

Question 32

what are some of the uses for the following elements?

He
Ne
Ar

Answer 32

He………….balloons / air-ships (less dense than air)
Ne………….lighting (produces color with electricity)
Ar…………..light-bulbs (inert atmosphere)