IPC Review Flashcards
(171 cards)
1
Q
wave
A
a repeated disturbance that transfers energy
source: vibrations
2
Q
medium
A
the matter waves move through
3
Q
propagate
A
the movement of waves
4
Q
mechanical wave
A
waves that only travel through matter
5
Q
transverse wave
A
a wave where particles in the medium move back and forth at right angles to the direction it travels
6
Q
amplitude
A
from crest or trough to the rest position
7
Q
crest
A
highest point
Transverse
8
Q
trough
A
lowest point
Transverse
9
Q
wavelength
A
the distance between 1 point on the wave and a similar point
10
Q
longitudinal wave
A
a wave where matter in the medium moves back and forth the same direction it travels
11
Q
compression
A
the denser region
longitudinal
12
Q
rarefaction
A
less denser region
longitudinal
13
Q
frequency
A
the # of wavelengths that pass a fixed point each second
14
Q
the normal
A
the line drawn perpendicular to the surface of the mirror
15
Q
reflection
A
the angle of incidence = the angle of reflection
16
Q
refraction
A
the bending of a wave
if it slows down the wave is bent towards the normal, but if it speeds up it bends away from the normal
17
Q
diffraction
A
the bending of a wave around an object
18
Q
interference
A
the process of 2 or more waves overlapping and combining to form a new wave
destructive: out of phase = waves subtract from each other
constructive: in phase = waves add together
19
Q
node & anti-node
A
node: locations where the interfering waves always cancel
anti-node: the crests and troughs between the nodes
20
Q
resonance
A
the process by which an object is made to vibrate by absorbing energy at its natural frequencies
21
Q
standing wave
A
waves that are fixed at one point with a pattern of constructive and destructive interference
22
Q
EM wave
A
Made by vibrating electric charges
Composed of waves of changing electric and magnetic fields
Do not transfer energy from particles to particles
Do transfer energy through space
Can exist in no matter
23
Q
Photon
A
a massless bundle of energy that behaves like a particles
24
Q
radio wave
A
Can’t hear them
An EM wave with a frequency between 10^4 and 10^11
Is used for long distance communication like pagers, cell phones, satellites, and GPS
low frequency, low energy
25
microwave
low frequency, low energy
range: 0.1 cm to 30 cm
used to cook food and wireless communication
it uses water molecules in the food to cook it
26
infrared
low frequency, low energy
range is smaller than 1 x 10^-3m to 7 x 10^-8
every object emits these waves
the hotter, the more waves
humans, remotes, fire
27
visible light
range: 7 x 10^-8m to 4 x 10^-8m
the range humans can detect with their eyes
it differs only from the previous 3 by its frequency and wavelength
colors range from long frequency (red) to short frequency (violet)
28
UV wave/light
high frequency, high energy, dangerous
range: 4 x 10^-8m to 1 x 10^-9m
both good and bad
3 sub-ranges: UV-A, UV-B, UV-C
UV-A: longest, ageing like wrinkles
UV-B: burn
UV-C: shortest, blocked by ozone layer, cancer
29
x-ray
high frequency, high energy, dangerous
range: 1 x 10^-9m to 1 x 10^-12m
wavelength is similar in size to the diameter of an atom
can penetrate skin and soft tissue
can't penetrate teeth and bones
30
gamma ray
high frequency, high energy, dangerous
range: 1 x 10^-13m and shorter
very very high frequencies and short wavelengths
have the highest energy photons
has enough energy to penetrate several cm of lead
is produced in nuclei by fusion and fission
31
temperature
the average KE of the particles of a substance
32
kinetic theory
All matter are made of tiny particles
Those particles are in constant random motion
The particles collide with each other and the walls of their container
With each collision the particles lose a negligible amount of energy
33
melting point
the temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid
34
boiling point
the temperature at which a liquid boils
35
sublimation
the process of a solid changing directly into a gas
36
deposition/crystallization
when a gas becomes a solid
37
freezing
the reverse of melting
38
vapor
a substance that is in a gaseous state when it would usually be a liquid or solid
39
amorphous solid
solids that lack a crystalline structure
40
crystalline solid
solids with a crystalline structure
41
solid
a state of matter with a definite shape and volume
closely packed particles
particles are still in motion but have little KE
particles vibrate
42
liquid
composed of tiny particles
in constant random motion
particles collide with each other and the walls of their containers
particles slide
doesn't have a definite shape
43
gas
kinetic theory applies
particles move freely
doesn't have a fixed volume and shape
44
plasma
matter that has a extremely high level of energy
made up of electrons
most matter in the universe in plasma
45
fluid
a gas or liquid
46
buoyancy
the ability of a fluid to exert an upward force on an object immersed in it
47
Archimedes principal
the buoyant force = weight of the water displaced
48
pressure
force exerted per unit area
49
Pascal principal
pressure applied to a fluid is transmitted evenly throughout the fluid
50
Bernoulli's principle
restricted fluids flow faster
fast fluids, low pressure
low pressure sucks
51
viscosity
the resistance of a fluid flowing
52
PV=T
pressure x volume = temperature
53
Boyle's law
keep temperature constant
if the volume increases, the pressure decreases
if the volume decreases, the pressure increases
54
Charles's law
keep pressure constant
if the volume is decreases, the temperature decreases
if the volume is increases the temperature increases
55
absolute 0
0 Kelvin
the particles in matter are basically motionless
56
thermal expansion
an increase in the size of a substance when temperatures increase
57
matter
anything that has mass and takes up space
58
substance
a type of matter with a fixed composition
59
element
a substance made of all alike atoms
60
compound
2 or more more elements chemically combined in a fixed proportion
61
mixture
matter that can be separated by physical means
62
homogeneous mixture
a mixture that remains constantly and uniformly mixed and has particles that are so small that they can't be seen with a microscope
63
solution
another name for homogeneous mixtures
64
heterogeneous mixture
a mixture where different materials remain distinct
65
suspension
a heterogeneous mixture made liquids & solids particles that can settle
66
colloid
a heterogeneous mixture with particles that never settle
67
Tyndall effect
the scattering of a light beam as it passes through a colloid
68
physical property/change
any characteristic that can be observed without changing its identity
color, shape, size, density, melting point, and boiling point
69
chemical property/change
any characteristic that can be observed that also produces 1 or more new substances
a change from 1 substance to another
weathering
70
distillation
The process of separating substances by evaporating a liquid and recondensing its vapor
71
LOCO-M
Mass cannot be created or destroyed
Mass of the reactants = mass of the products
72
flammability
the tendency of a substance to burn
73
atom
the smallest particle of an element that has its particle
74
proton
particles with an electric charge of 1+
75
neutron
electrically neutral particles in the nucleus
76
electron
particles with an electric charge of 1-
77
AMU
the unit used to measure the mass of the subatomic particles
Proton = 1 AMU
Neutron = 1 AMU
electron = negligible
78
mass
most of the mass in the atom is found in the nucleus
79
charge
most atoms are neutral
80
location of each subatomic particle
the neutrons and protons are in the nucleus
electrons are in the electron cloud
81
electron cloud
the space surrounding the nucleus
82
quark
the even smaller particle that protons and neutrons are made up of
83
nucleus
the small positively charged center of the atom
84
atomic number
the number of protons in its nucleus
85
mass number
the sum of the # of the protons + the # of neutrons in the nucleus
86
isotope
atoms of the same element that have different #'s of neutrons
87
(average) atomic mass
a weighted average of the masses of all naturally occurring isotopes
88
PTE
arranged by increasing atomic number and periodic changes in physical and chemical properties
89
periods
horizontal rows
# of energy levels
90
groups (families)
vertical columns
# of valence electrons
91
valence electrons
the electrons in the outermost energy level
92
energy level/shell
the circles around the element in a Bohr model
93
octet rule
energy level 1 holds 2 electrons max, but all the others hold 8 electrons
94
Bohr model
element in the middle, all energy levels, all electrons
95
electron dot diagram
element in middle, no Energy levels, only valence electrons
96
metal location and properties
location: left side of the staircase
properties: flexible (malleable and ductile), shiny, holds electrons loosely, good conductors of heat and electricity, all solids but mercury
97
malleability
the ability to be hammered or rolled into sheets
98
ductility
the ability to be drawn into wires
99
nonmetal location and properties
location: right side of the staircase
properties: gases and solids expect bromine, dull, brittle, hold onto electrons tightly, poor conductors of heat and electricity
100
metalloid location and properties
location: the staircase between metals and nonmetals
properties: have properties of both metals and nonmetals, semiconductors, fewest in numbers
101
alkali metals
group 2
not found as free elements
2 valence electron
102
alkali earth metals
group 1
most reactive and softer
1 valence electron
103
halogen
group 17 (main group 7)
elements: F, Cl, Br, I, At
very reactive
F is most reactive
7 valence electron
104
noble gases
group 18 (main group 8)
isolated atoms
inert
stable because the outermost energy levels are full
8 valence electron
105
transition elements
groups 3-12
less reactive than groups 1 & 2
occur in nature as uncombined elements
Fe, Co, and Ni are iron triad
106
inner transition elements
2 rows of elements disconnected from the rest of the PTE
1st row is the lanthanide series
2nd row is the actinide series
107
transuranium elements
all elements after uranium
any elements more than 92 protons
108
synthetic elements
elements created in a lab
more than 92 protons
109
radioactive elements
more than 92 protons
110
diatomic molecules
a compound of 2 of the same element
111
allotropes
different molecular structures of the same elements
112
semiconductors
elements that conduct an electric current under certain conditions
113
coal
solid fossil fuel
most abundant FF
114
petroleum (crude oil)
a flammable liquid formed from the decay of ancient organisms
115
natural gas
found on top of petroleum deposits
116
renewable resource
resources that can be replaced by natural processes
117
nonrenewable resource
resources that can't be replaced by natural processes
118
fusion
a type of nuclear in which small nuclei combine to form a single nucleus with a larger mass
119
fission
the process of splitting a nucleus into 2 nuclei with smaller masses
120
nuclear reactor , core, control rods, power plants
reactor: uses energy from controlled nuclear reactions to generate electricity
core: where the fission occurs
control rod: come down and stop a nuclear meltdown
power plant: creates energy through nuclear explosions
121
nuclear waste
any radioactive material that results when radio-active materials are used
122
strong force
range: very short
relative strength: stronger than all other fundamental forces
123
radioactivity
the decay of a nucleus
124
alpha decay
particle consisting of two protons and two neutrons that is emitted from a decaying atomic nucleus.
a sheet of paper
125
weak force
Range: very short
relative strength: weaker than all other fundamental forces but gravity
126
beta decay
a high energy electron that is emitted when a neutron decays into a proton
3-mm thick sheet of aluminum
127
gamma radiation
extremely high EM waves
lead bricks
128
transmutation
the process of changing 1 element into a different element
129
chain reaction
a series of repeated fission reactions caused by the release of additional neutrons in every fission
130
half life
the time it takes for half of a radioactive isotopes to decay into another isotope
131
metallic bonding
metal + metal
sea of mobile electrons
132
chemical formula
identifies what elements a compound contains and the exact # of atoms of each element in the compound
133
chemical bond
the attractive force that holds atoms together in a compound
134
oxidation #
a positive or negative number that indicates how many electrons an atom needs to gain, lose or share to become stable
135
binary compound
composed of 2 elements
136
ion
a charged particle that has an unequal # of electrons and protons
137
cation
a positively charged ion
138
anion
a negatively charged ion
139
ionic bond
the force of attraction between opposite charges of the ions in an ionic compound
metal & nonmetal
electrons are transferred
140
covalent bond
a bond of 2 electrons
nonmetal & nonmetal
electrons are shared
141
molecule
a group of atoms bonded together
142
double bond
2 pairs of shared electrons
143
triple bond
3 pairs of shared electrons
strongest bond
144
non polar bond/molecule
a covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally by both atoms
145
polar bond/molecule
a covalent bond in which electrons are shared unequally with slightly negative & positive ends
146
hydrogen bond
weak attractions between molecules
147
polyatomic ion
a positive or negative charge, covalently bonded group of atoms
148
chemical reaction
a change in which 1 or more substances are converted into new substances
148
chemical equation
a way to describe a chemical reaction using chemical formulas and other symbols
149
reactant
the beginning reactive substances
150
product
new substances produced by reaction
151
aqueous
dissolved in a liquid
152
synthesis
2 or more substances combine to form another
A+B->AB
153
decomposition
when 1 substance breaks down into 2 or more substances
AB->A+B
154
single displacement
when 1 element replaces another in a compound
XY+Z->ZY+X
XY+Z->XZ+Y
155
double displacement
a positive ion of 1 compound replaces another positive ion creating 2 new compounds
AB+CD->AD+CB
156
precipitate
an insoluble compound that comes out of solution
157
combustion
when a substance reacts with oxygen to produce energy
2 reactants: oxygen & hydrocarbon
3 products: carbon dioxide, water, and energy (heat & light)
158
hydrocarbon
a combination of hydrogen and carbon
159
coefficient vs. subscript
coefficient: # of units of each substances
subscript: the # of atoms of the elements
160
balanced chemical equation
equal #s of each type of atom on each side of the arrow
161
energy
the ability to do work
162
density
mass per unit volume
163
TE
the sum of the KE & the PE of all the particles that make up the object
164
EE
a form of energy resulting in the flow of electrical charges
165
gravity
an attractive force between any 2 objects with mass
166
EM force
a fundamental force that explains the relationship between electricity and magnetism
167
law of charges
like charges repel
opposite charges attract
168
turbine
a large wheel that rotates when pushed by water, wind, or steam
169
generator
a device that generates EE through the interaction of electrical charges and magnetic fields
170
transformer
a device that increases or decreases the voltage of an AC
