ipt Flashcards
get a passing mark (93 cards)
1
Q
System development cycle?
A
- understanding the problem
- planning
- designing
- implementing
- testing,evaluating,maintaining
2
Q
What is a project plan?
A
-created in understanding the problem stage.
Summary of a project that specifies who,what,when and how. it lists in detail what is required for the successful completion of the project.
3
Q
Communication skills and meaning?
A
Active listening= involves restating, reflecting and summarising the speakers major ideas and feelings.
Conflict resolution=solves arguments and disputes. it involves listening to the other persons views and looking at the conflict as a problem to be solved. Aim is to create a win-win situation
Negotiation skills=involves a discussion between 2 parties with a goal of reaching an agreement on issues.
Interview techniques= involve careful preperation, implementation and follow up
Team building=process of getting a group of people to work together.
4
Q
Social and ethical issues,Equity,Changing nature of work,Ergonomics,Environmental factors
A
Ethics- set of beliefs we hold about what is right and wrong.
Equity-concerns equal rights for all.
Changing nature of work-deskilling and multiskilling
Ergonomics- relationship between people and their place of work. desk,chair,hardware,software.
Environmental factors-lighting,climate,and noise.
5
Q
Methods of collecting data
A
surveys, interviews,observations and measurements.
6
Q
what is a prototye?-understanding
A
- a working model of an information system.
- used to clarify how the existing system works or represent how the new system may work.
- clarify nature of problem
- reflect needs of participants
7
Q
What is a requirements report?-understanding
A
- statement about the need of a new system.
- outlines aims and objectives.
- based on data collected from participants
8
Q
Constraints -planning
A
- economical-costs associated with developing new system.
- technical-does the required information technology exist and what demands will be placed in new system.
- schedule-time frame
- organisational-determines if new system will fit into the organisation and meet goals and objectives.
9
Q
feasibility report
A
- short report that analyses potential solutions and makes a recommendation. examines options, estimates costs, considers constraints and develops solution.
1. no change
2. new system
3. investigate other solutions
10
Q
Designing
A
- transformation of the specifications into appropriate hardware,software and information process.
- test data is prepared
- specifications of hardware must be identified,bought and installed.
11
Q
design tools-designing
A
- context
- data flow
- decision tree
- decision table
- data dictionary
- storyboards
12
Q
data dictionary-designing
A
- comprehensive description of each field in the database
- includes=field name,data type, number of characters(field width), number of decimal places(if applicable) and a description of the purpose of the field.
13
Q
context diagrams-designing
A
- used to represent entire information systems
- shown as a single process along with inputs and outputs (external entities) to the system.
- external entities are connected to the single process by data flow arrows.
14
Q
data flow diagrams-designing
A
- represent information system as a number of processes that together form the single process of a context diagram.
- the input for the system.
- processes performed by the system
- output from the system
- storage
- data flow only shows movement of data not products
- they do not explain how processes work.
15
Q
decision tree-designing
A
- diagrammatic way of representing all possible combinations and their resulting actions.
- represented with branches on a tree, each branch ends with a particular action.
16
Q
decision table-designing
A
- represents all possible conditions and actions that will result.
- divided vertically into conditions and actions and horizontally unto rules that are based on combinations of conditions.
17
Q
storyboards-designing
A
logical sequence of an animation video or website
- Hierarchical storyboard: This design uses a top โdown design and is useful for connecting the home page to all other pages.
- Linear storyboard: A simple sequential design that movers users through a predetermined path of web pages.
- Non-linear / Branch: Allows users to connect from the homepage to a series of linked pages which then further connect to a number of other pages.
- Hybrid / combination / composite storyboard: combines aspects of two or more common types of structures. For example, a predominately hierarchical structure could include a linear component.
18
Q
method of conversion-implementation
A
direct-involves immediate change to new system
*best for small systems
phased-replacement in a series of stages/gradually
*each module is tested individually and staff develops confidence
parallel-old and new system working at the same time
*gets the participant and user used to the new system while also going back is errors occur.
pilot conversion-keen participants test the system first and may or may not be switched.
19
Q
testing
A
- verify the quality of project
- test data must cover all possible combinations that may be encountered
20
Q
evaluating
A
determines whether the system is working as expected or whether changes are needed.
21
Q
maintaining
A
modification of the system by making minor improvements.
22
Q
operations manual
A
- details procedures participants must follow when using new system.
- user friendly
- clear/concise
23
Q
information system diagram
A
- users
- environment
- purpose
- information system
- information processes
- participants
- data/information
- information technology
24
Q
information processes
A
collecting-the gathering of data to be used in the information system.
organizing-preparing the data to be used by other information processes.
analyzing-transforming the data into useful information.
storing and retrieving-movement of data to and from storage devices .
processing-updating,editing and altering of data
transmit and receive-exchange of data
displaying-output of information systems
25
examples of databases
school- information about the organisation, pupils and teachers.
roads and traffic authority-information on registration of vehicles and holders of driving licenses.
video stores-videos held in store and borrowers of videos.
26
flat file database
Flat file databases are used for many small applications they organise data into data structures called files, records, fields and characters into a single table.
27
relational database
- organises the data into multiple tables and shows the relationship.
* every record has a unique key field
* reduces data redundacy
* entity-specific subject
* attribute-defined property of an entity
* relationship=one to one, one to many, many to many
* foreign key-attribute which is the primary key of another table
28
manual systems
```
-telephone books,dictionaries,recipe books, encyclopedias.
ADVANTAGES
*do not require computer or electricity
*highly portable
*no special skills or training required
DISADVANTAGES
*inflexible layout
*large storage space
*duplicates sets of data
```
29
electronic database systems
- data can be easily edited
- can be presented in many forms
- accessed by several people
- access can be restricted
30
calculate of storage
sum of field sizes=number of bytes
number of bytes*records/1024=number of kilobytes
31
storage media
- hard discs(Gb)
- optical discs(cd/dvd)
- removal cartridge
- magnetic tape used as backup medium
32
database management system
software application that allows the entry, manipulation and storage of data in a database format.may reduce data redundancy.
33
files in database can be accessed
* sequential file access-each record in file must be accessed in a series from first to last.
* direct(random)access- occurs when data is accessed randomly using mathematical algorithms to find the exact data location.
34
Normalisation of data
-process of analysing data to create the most efficient database structures .the most important process is to eliminate data redundancy.
35
social and ethical of databases
privacy-how private can this information remain
security-information is a tradable and valuable commodity
*backups of data on a regular basis
*data encryption
*passwords
*restrictions on the level of access
36
accuracy of data
* data integrity is the accuracy and reliability of data
* validation of data
* data bias occurs when data may be manipulated as well as the way it is gathered.
37
data warehousing/mining
* warehousing-collection of data designed to support management decision making.
* mining-involves the use of software that looks for hidden patterns in a group of data.
38
hypertext and hypermedia
hypermedia-is the storage of information using a set of documents that may contain text,numbers,images,audio and video.
hypertext-system where documents can be cross linked in such a way that you can navigate from one document to the next by clicking on hyperlinks.
*URL=uniform resource collector- address of file or resource on web
39
URL
HTTP://www.poof.com.au/pictures
1) protocol indicates the particular type of resource. HTTP://(hypertext transfer protocol) or FTP://(file transfer protocol).
2) domain name is the address of the specific database where resource is located. www.poof.com.au
3) file path is the full path to the file to be retrieved, domain name and file path is separated by a forward slash. /pictures.
40
hyper text markup language (HTML)
set of special instructions that indicate how parts of a document are to be displayed and navigated.
41
components of communication system
sender(source),reciever,medium(transport protocol),and message(data).
42
protocol
defines the meaning of information exchanged by describing parameters such as speed,transmission mode,handshake,parity,error detection and correction.
43
handshaking
process by which two devices initiate communications . enables a communications protocol to be agreed upon.
44
bandwidth
is a measure of how much information can flow along a data pipe.
45
parity check
is the process where an extra bit is sent along with the group of bits to be transmitted. When 8-bit ASCII an extra ninth bit is added to hold a 0 or 1. Handshaking decides which type of parity to use, either odd or even. Odd parity: the number of 1s in the nine bits MUST BE ODD. Even parity: the number of 1s in the nine bits must be even.
46
checksum
Check is the process of adding all the bytes within a data packet as an integer before being sent. This integer is then added as a binary integer on the header or trailer of the byte. The receiver then counts all the bytes to reassure that the same amounts of bytes were received as sent from the transmitter. If the sums do not equal the same value, then an error has occurred.
47
cyclic redundancy check
The data is divided into predetermined lengths and then divided by a fixed integer. The remainder is calculated and attached to the data to be sent. When the data is received the remainder is recalculated. If the remainders do not match, then an error in transmission has occurred.
48
TCP (Transmission control protocol)Communication control and addressing level
ensures that messages are delivered correctly by using checksum error correction methods
49
IP (Internet Protocol)Communication control and addressing level
moves data packets from sender to receiver. Ability to reroute messages over the most efficient path to their destination.
50
TCP/IP
is combined to provide a connection between two hosts so that a series of packets can be sent back and forth for a period of time.
51
HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol)Application level Protocol
used in web browser to communicate and receive web pages to and from a web server.
52
SMTP (simple mail transfer protocol)Application level Protocol
used for sending and receiving e-mail messages to and from the client to the mail server.
53
SSL (secure sockets layer)Application level Protocol
uses two keys to encrypt data so that private documents can be securely transmitted via the internet.
54
local area network
connects computers within a building or a group of buildings on ONE SITE
55
wide area network
connects computers over hundreds or thousands of kilometres. country or city
*ATM,ISDN
56
network topology
Bus-The simplest network layout where all nodes are connected to a common cable know as a bus.
*a break in backbone will disable entire network.
Star-A network where all nodes are connected to a centralized server / switch.
*if one fails it will still function
Ring-A circular network which all nodes are connected to each other in a โringโ.
*can be slow
Hybrid-A network that contains a combination of star, bus, ring or wireless into one network.This is sometimes necessary to connect two networks into one to share and communicate data and hardware/software resources.
57
Cabling
```
๐๐๐๐๐๐๐
-stiff copper core, surrounded by wire mesh,less interference.
-LAN
-185-500m
-BUS
-10mbps
๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐
-wire twisted in 4 pairs
-LAN
-100m
-star,ring
-10mbps,100,1Gbps
๐
๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐
-thin glass fibre encased in outer shell of glass, uses laser light.
-LAN,MAN,WAN
-400m(multi node), 2000m(single node)
-point to point
-10,100,1
```
58
wireless transmissions
```
๐๐ข๐๐ซ๐จ๐ฐ๐๐ฏ๐
*voice and data transmission
*super high frequency
*impacted by weather
*Internet Access
๐๐๐๐ข๐จ ๐๐๐ฏ๐๐ฌ
*voice and data transmission
*Limited bandwidth and range
*limited security
*Lan communication, bluetooth, mobile phones.
```
59
servers
๐๐ข๐ฅ๐ ๐ฌ๐๐ซ๐ฏ๐๐ซ-dedicated to the task of sharing disk space and restricts access on a user basis.
๐ฉ๐ซ๐ข๐ง๐ญ ๐ฌ๐๐ซ๐ฏ๐๐ซ-provides software called a spooler to centralise management of print devices.
๐ฆ๐๐ข๐ฅ ๐ฌ๐๐ซ๐ฏ๐๐ซ-manages and provides email services
๐ฐ๐๐ ๐ฌ๐๐ซ๐ฏ๐๐ซ-delivers html pages and other static(images,documents).
๐ฉ๐ซ๐จ๐ฑ๐ฒ ๐ฌ๐๐ซ๐ฏ๐๐ซ-collects or stores frequently accessed internet content for local delivery.
60
network hardware-
๐๐ซ๐ข๐๐ ๐- links 2 LANS with similar protocols and restricts broadcast traffic to source side of device
๐ก๐ฎ๐-connects multiple LAN nodes on a port by port basis. all traffic is repeated to all other ports on device.
๐ฌ๐ฐ๐ข๐ญ๐๐ก-connects multiple LAN nodes on a port by port basis. dedicates entire bandwidth to single port by transmitting packets to destination port only.
๐ ๐๐ญ๐๐ฐ๐๐ฒ-links LANS that are using different protocols.
๐ซ๐จ๐ฎ๐ญ๐๐ซ-interconnects networks with different structures or topologies.
๐ซ๐๐ฉ๐๐๐ญ๐๐ซ-receives, amplifies and re transmits signal.
๐๐๐-wireless access point
61
internet vs intranet
๐ข๐ง๐ญ๐๐ซ๐ง๐๐ง๐ญ- is an international,publicly accessible interconnection of LANS,WANS.
๐ข๐ง๐ญ๐ซ๐๐ง๐๐ญ-is an internal corporate network using the same protocols and standards as the internet.
62
Analog data to digital signal
the wave shape of the data is encoded into a series of 1s and 0s โ process of generating digits
63
Digital data to digital signal
A series of 1s and 0s is transmitted by sending it through a channel of on and off electromagnetic pulses
64
Types of processing:
Distributed: LANs that can operate and process programs simultaneously at different sites.
Parallel: Simultaneous use of more than one CPU to execute a program. Ideally faster, though difficult to make a program work with many CPUs
Centralised: Processing is performed all within one computer or a cluster of computers in a single location. This can involve the use of thin clients to collect and display information
65
social and ethical of communication systems
```
SOCIAL
*employment impacts
*junk/spam mail
ETHICAL
*invasion of provacy
*online transactions
*cencorship
*freedom of information
```
66
decision support systems-types of structures
Are designed to help managers make decisions that will further the organisations goals.
1) structured situation-Structured situations have decisions that are automated. When the same parameters are entered, the result will always be the same following the same sequence of steps. DSSs are not needed here.
e. g.CALCULATING AMOUNT OF CARPET REQUIRED FOR ROOM.
2) Semi-structured-A semi-structured decision follows a method to reach a decision, though the correct decision is never guaranteed. The method is precise, though there may be too many factors or an unknown factor which may significantly alter the outcome.
e. g.WEATHER PREDICTION AND HORSE RACING
3) Unstructured-Unstructured situations do not use a method to reach a decision. There is no algorithm for the best possible solution. Most results rely on luck alone. Requires judgement and insight into the problem to determine a possible solution.
e. g.BETTING
67
Expert system
computer system which can solve problems for users who themselves are not expert in the field.
68
neural network
uses computer circuitry to simulate the way in which a brain may process information, learn and remember.
69
types of systems
- geographic information system
- group decision support system
- management information system
70
queries
enable the user to search for records that meet certain conditions.
71
macro
is a file that records a list of key commands or operations and can be executed by entering a keystroke or a single command.
72
knowledge base
stored information and rules which are used to solve problems. stored as a computer file and then manipulated by software called inference engine.
73
forward/backward chaining
forward-strategy used to determine a solution to a problem. it starts with the problem and tracks the relevant rules to see what solutions are provided by the knowledge base.
backward-looks at each solution and determines whether it is appropriate for the given situation.
USES
*credit card authorisation
*mining explorations
*medical diagnosis
74
fuzzy logic
We combine data and form partial truths to come to a correct conclusion. This is how fuzzy logic works. Fuzzy logic is based on the probability theory to make good guesses just as a human brain would.
75
Artificial intelligence
Intelligent systems can learn for themselves (Artificial intelligence โ A.I), They can adapt to new situations and choose a reasonable decision.
76
intelligent systems
recieves data from environment, reacts and produces an intelligent response.
* preserve experts knowledge
* make rapid decisions
* analyse an unstructured situation
77
digital media types
- text
- numbers
- audio
- images
- animation
78
hardware requirements of multimedia
- high level CPU
- large amounts of storage
- high screen resolution
79
paper vs multimedia
```
paper
-limited to hard copy
-cheap
-static
-no interactivity
-limited indexing available
multimedia
-multiple modes
-high development costs
-interactive
-dynamic
```
80
multimedia participants
```
content and data collection
-subject matter experts
management
-responsible for over project design
design and layout
-determine presentation of project
technical
-assist in technical implementation
```
81
bit mapping
relationship between image on screen and image on RAM.
82
pixel
described by one or more bits in memory
83
resolution
describes the image quality,or number of pixels in image
84
palette
number of avaliable colors for an image
85
bit depth
refers to the number of bits describing each pixel
86
sampling size
refers to the number of bits used to store each sample from the analogue wave.
e.g. 8-bit sample is 2^8
87
sampling rate
refers to the number of samples or slices taken of the analogue wave in 1 second.
88
hardware for displaying multimedia
CRT screens-three electron beams (red,blue,green) strikes a phosphorescent surface in a controlled manner. a glow results. raster scan in horizontal lines and displays image.
Touch screen-It requires a stylus or finger for the touch to be recognized by the surface, the electrical current is changed at the point of pressure from the stylus or finger which is registered as a touch event and sent to the controller for processing
LCD SCREEN- Liquid crystal display utilises an array of liquid crystals placed between two polarised glass sheets, which direct the light in a certain way to display RGB colours.
DATA PROJECTOR-Data projectors allow a source of light from their lamp to be reflected on a wall or blank screen to produce images and video.
SPEAKERS-They receive a digitised signal from a sound card or on board motherboard with sound processing capabilities and turn them into analog sounds we humans can understand and hear.
89
software for displaying multimedia
- Presentation software uses graphics and data/information from other software tools to communicate and make presentations of data to others people.
- Application software is a computer program used by users to perform a specific task.
- Authoring software are new generation software packages which combine many of the standalone application software products to simplify the userโs involvement with creating a multimedia product.
- Animation software takes the individual images and plays them in rapid succession to show movement.
- Web browsers are programs used to download and display web pages to the user.
90
compression schemes
* lossless- where decompressed data is identical to original.
* lossy- where some data is sacrificed for the sake of file size.
91
compression strategies
- Spatial redundancy: which occurs because pixels near each other are likely to be similar to each other.
- Temporal redundancy: which occurs because pixels in consecutive frames are likely to be similar. E.g. a talking head.
- Psycho visual redundancy: which occurs because humans are better at detecting changes in brightness rather than colour tones.
- Coding redundancy: which relies on the chance of the same sets of data not appearing at the same time.
92
data formats for audio,video and music files
sound:MIDI,MP3,Waveform,AIFF
Video:AVI,MPEG,QuickTime8,Real Audio
93
social and ethical for multimedia
social-
*digital convergence-increasing trend to merge technologies such as radio, television, photos e.t.c.
*nature of training as a consequence of multimedia
ethical-
*copyright act makes it illegal to copy multimedia without the express permission of author.
*referencing source of information is crucial.
