Iran, Mexico, Britain, Russia, Nigeria Flashcards

Question

Why was the parliamentary system replaced in Nigeria? What was formed, was this new form odd in any ways?

Answer 1

The ethnic divisions made it difficult to identify a mjority party or to allow a PM. Formed presidential system, but the legislature and judiciary consistently can not check the power of the President

Answer 2

After Nigeria gained independence, the Hausa-Fulani dominated parliamentary government due to their large population. The Hausa-Fulani wanted to keep their majority, so they formed a coalition with Igbo. in the South East. This caused Yoruba and consequently the other big three tribes to use military force, until the Igbo established military rule.

Answer 3

Military rulers have some legitamacy to rule , since the military is a source of stability.

Answer 4

During colonial rule, native leaders lost touch with the old communal traditions that encouraged them to govern in the interests of the people

Answer 5

In order to ease ethnic tensions, however this federalist system has not worked out, because under military regimes the "federalist system" has really just been unitary since military presidents did not allow sub-governments to function with any sovereignty. All power remained in Abuja.

Answer 6

Nigeria's good fortune has been a liability; its rich oil reserves tempt the military leaders and this oil money has only enriched the elite. Nigeria's entire economy depends solely on the oil market

Answer 7

Nigeria's economic survival is based almost exclusively on oil - when international oil markets fall, so does Nigeria's economy.

Answer 8

characterized by **ethnic diversity**, **corruption**, and a **politically active military**. Characteristics that have shaped the culture: 1. Prebendalism - The patron (Nigerian president or other highly ranking political figure) will give portions of oil revenue to clients in the clientelism system. Obviously these clients will be of the same ethnicity and religion as the patron. 2. Civil Society - Military dictatorships have failed to supress civil society. These groups have influenced the government through clientalism and cooperatism, however they do form the **basis for a viable democracy.** 3. Conflict between Tradition and Modernity - Britain both encouraged Nigeria to be a strong, modern country, but it also restricted Nigeria's ability to do reach this goal, because Britain kept their conoly in a subserviant economic position. Since Nigeria is plagued with ethnic-based military conflicts and personalized, corrupt leadership practices, Nigeria has been pushing towards returning to pre-colonial roots that emphasize communal accountability. However, values established in the pre-colonial era conflict with those established in the colonial era. 4. Religious Conflict - An example of conflict is due to the Muslim North's push towards Sharia law. 5. Geographic influences ( different regions of Nigeria) - Nigeira is divided into 6 geographic zones * Northwest - dominated by Hausa-Fulani (Muslim) * North East - Kanuri (Muslim) * Middle Belt - Both Christians and Muslims * Southwest - Yoruba (40% Muslim, 40% Christian, 20% Indigionous) * Southest - Igbo (Roman Catholic) * Southern Zone - minority groups

Answer 9

Prebendalism - The patron (Nigerian president or other highly ranking political figure) will give portions of oil revenue to clients in the clientelism system. Obviously these clients will be of the same ethnicity and religion as the patron. Prebendalism is the main form of political participation even among villagers who recieve favors from local rulers in exchange for the political support for the local ruler's boss.

Answer 10

Civil Society - Military dictatorships have failed to supress civil society. These groups have influenced the government through clientalism and cooperatism, however they do form the basis for a viable democracy. Civil society has had centripetal and centrifugal influences.

Answer 11

Conflict between Tradition and Modernity - Britain both encouraged Nigeria to be a strong, modern country, but it also restricted Nigeria's ability to do reach this goal, because Britain kept their conoly in a subserviant economic position. Since Nigeria is plagued with ethnic-based military conflicts and personalized, corrupt leadership practices, Nigeria has been pushing towards returning to pre-colonial roots that emphasize communal accountability. However, values established in the pre-colonial era conflict with those established in the colonial era.

Answer 12

Religious Conflict - An example of conflict is due to the Muslim North's push towards Sharia law.

Answer 13

Democracy vs. Subjugation (gaining control over country)

Answer 14

Geographic influences ( different regions of Nigeria) - Nigeira is divided into 6 geographic zones Northwest - dominated by Hausa-Fulani (Muslim) North East - Kanuri (Muslim) Middle Belt - Both Christians and Muslims Southwest - Yoruba (40% Muslim, 40% Christian, 20% Indigionous) Southest - Igbo (Roman Catholic) Southern Zone - minority groups

Answer 15

dominated by two groups that combined as the Hausa-Fulani people, the area is predominately Muslim.

Answer 16

This area is home to many smaller groups, such as the Kanuri, which are also primarily Muslim.

Answer 17

This area contains many smaller ethnic groups, and it is also characterized by a mix of both Muslims and Christians.

Answer 18

The large ethnic group called Yoruba dominate this area. The Yoruba are about 40% Muslim, 40% Christian, and about 20% devoted to native religions.

Answer 19

This area is inhabited by the Igbo, who are primarily Roman Catholic, but with a growing number of Protestant Christians.

Answer 20

This area includes the delta of the huge Niger River, and its people belong to various minority groups.

Answer 21

Contact with and spread of customs and beliefs of other people. Cultural diffusion spread Islam.

Answer 22

The British imposed this on Nigerians; they trained natives, primarily from the south, to fill the European-style bureaucracy

Answer 23

This sowed the seeds for decolonization because the British trained Nigerians to rule their own country, teaching the natives about freedom, justice, and equality of opportunity. The British cycle started the vicious cycle where elites recieved educationm, and then became wealthy enough for their children to afford education. Therefore the British education caused a rift in wealth. Also the British education was primarily available in the Chirstian South, so the South saw the North as backward since they were not schooled.

Answer 24

The modern era has seen ____ \_\_\_\_\_ become the major basis for conflict in Nigeria.

Answer 25

* Poverty - 60% of all Nigerians live under the poverty line * **Large Gap between Rich & Poor** - Like Mexico, the distribution of Nigerian wealth is very unequal (0.44 Gini Index). Nigerian economy shows no sign of improvement, so the wealth disperity is not improving. * **Health Issues** - HIV/AIDS is a hige concern that has cost the Nigerian economy a lot. AIDs is seen as a second priority by the Nigerian government and is often left to NGOs. * **Literacy** - Literacy rate is low (68%)

Answer 26

Military rule has generally allowed free press and interest groups

Answer 27

A societal characteristic of Nigeria that makes democratization a challenge. Many people do not have the means to survive. 60% of Nigerians live under the poverty line.

Answer 28

A societal characteristic of Nigeria that makes democratization a challenge. The distribution of income in Nigeria is very unequal similarly to Mexico. However, unlike Mexico, Nigeria's economy shows no sign of improvement, therefore this unequal wealth distribution (0.44 GINI index) is not changing

Answer 29

A societal characteristic of Nigeria that makes democratization a challenge. Nigeria has high rates of HIV/AIDS. Government places HIVs as second priority, HIVs is primarily dealt with by NGOs

Answer 30

A societal characteristic of Nigeria that makes democratization a challenge. There is a gap between the male literacy rate and the female rate of almost 15%. Low average literacy rate 68%

Answer 31

Nigeria experienced the Biafran Civil War. Russia has on going conflict with Chechnya which caused the Chechnyan Civil War

Answer 32

exacerbated by religious differences among Muslims, Christians, and followers of native religions.

Answer 33

Ethnicity: 250 - 400 different ethnic groups with an array of different customs, languages, and religon Religion: Christians received special treatment and Muslims resented this. region - Differences in region causes hyperfederalism urban/rural differences - Political organizations and interest groups primarily exist in cities as well as newspapers and media sources. social class - Elites gain wealth through pocketing state resources

Answer 34

Political organizations and interest groups primarily exist in cities as well as newspapers and media sources.

Answer 35

Mariage and Children

Answer 36

There were protests over Ken Saro-Wiva's death because he was executed because he was a rights activist and environmentalists. Founded the **Movement for the Survival of the Orogni People** to apply national laws to secuire financial benefits for the Ogoni in the Niger delta and to hold foregin-operated oil companies to environmental standards.

Answer 37

The division between elites and ordinary people runs deep in Nigeria. Elites are educated and control state resources

Answer 38

Founded by dissident Ken Saro-Wiwa in the 19990s. There were protests over Ken Saro-Wiva's death because he was executed because he was a rights activist and environmentalists. Founded the Movement for the Survival of the Orogni People to apply national laws to secuire financial benefits for the Ogoni in the Niger delta and to hold foregin-operated oil companies to environmental standards.

Answer 39

Many elections have been canceled or postponed by the military and others have been fraudulent. Although there has been higher voter turnout

Answer 40

The term used to desribe Abacha's death. The term shows how disliked Abacha was.

Answer 41

Nigerians feel this emotion about the prospect of democracy because they do not believe that elections are conducted in a fair and honest way.

Answer 42

a private organization that compiles statistics about corruption in countries around the world. Nigeria ranks low on the list.

Answer 43

This is a major problem in all six countries except for the United Kingdom. Corruption is part of the political culture, and bribes and favoritism are a part of the way the government operates. Nigeria's pre-bendalism permeats the political system to such a degree that political participation cannot yet take place outside its influences. The Economical and Financial Crimes Commission a government organization set up to fight corruption (EFCC) was lead by Ribadu who had gained a reputation for bravely charging and presecuting corrupt govenors. He was forced to resign under the orders of Yar'Adua

Answer 44

Foreign oil producers in the Niger Delta are targeted. iJaw women occupied drilling sites in the Niger Delta until ChevronTexaco's officials agreed to provide jobs for their sons. Many foreign oil based companies have left Nigeria blaming Nigeria's government as incapable of controling protests.

Answer 45

Nigeria has serious issues with this: the House of Representatives has only 6.4% women and 3.7% women in the Senate. Obasanjo did make it part of his campaign to include more women in bereaucratic positions.

Answer 46

These are both newly developed and highly fluid because Nigeria' efforts to democratize are so far incomplete. However it is difficult to estsblish a coherent party system, because too many political parties (based offo of region of ethnicity) exist

Answer 47

One of the better-established parties. This party is the party of Olusegun Obasanjo, who was elected in 2004. In 2007 (amidst widespread fraud), Umaru Yar'Adua won from this party. Won elections in the Muslim and Christian parts of the country. Deliberately ran Obasabjo even though he is Christian in order to garner support form all of Nigeria

Answer 48

Former General Muhammadu Buhari, a Muslim from the North, was this party's candidate in 2004 and 2007..

Answer 49

This political party ran Vice President Atiku Abubakar as its presidential candidate in the 2007 election. The action congress demonstrates a trend of major parties coalescing, since the Action congress formed when the Alliance for Democracy, the Justice Party, and the Advance Congress of Democrats merged

Answer 50

A party has to earn atleast 5% of the votes in 2/3 of the states, this practice cuts down the number of running parties.

Answer 51

Local, state, and national

Answer 52

If a president does not recieve an outright majority, a second ballot election takes place. A president must win atleast 25% of votes in 2/3 of all states, therefore preventing purely regional candidates from winning. As a result coalitions are formed

Answer 53

A large number of Muslim civil society organizations in the north work to support the sharia court system.

Answer 54

Military unions were politically active during the colonial and postcolonial era. Babangida establsihed corporatism in order to limit the influence of unions. A central laor organization supplanted older unions, and only candidates approved by Babangida could be elected as labor leaders. The labor unions provide a great basis for democracy, since they will be influencing the politicy making process

Answer 55

The labor unions regained much of their previous power when this congress called and successfully orchestrated a general strike of workers in cities across Nigeria.

Answer 56

Businesses have genrally shared in the corruption and collaborated with militar regimes. Business has also been a significant force in promoting economic reform.

Answer 57

Radio. Nigeria has an independent press.

Answer 58

In theory, Nigeria is this kind of political system, with government organizations on local, state, and national levels since the 2,3,4th Republics. However neither federalism or check and balances operate. all local and state are dependent on central government

Answer 59

Do federalism or checks and balances currently operate successfully?

Answer 60

the president is head of an intricate patron-client system and dispenses government jobs and resources as rewards to supporters. The president views state as personal property.

Answer 61

The British put an elaborate civil service in place, which has expanded. Bribery is common and jobs in this are awarded through prebendalism. This system has led to a rapid increase in the number of these jobs. Believe beuacracy is bloated and inefficient

Answer 62

Many Nigerian government agencies are these, or corporations owned by the state and designated to provide commercial and social welfare services. Other control major industries such as steel, defense products.

Answer 63

para-statals provide this input to the government, but because they are controlled by the government, they create this:

Answer 64

A parliamentary system was in place until 1979, when it was replaced by a presidential system with a bicameral legislature, kjnown as this:

Answer 65

Representatives and senators serve renewable terms for this length of time:

Answer 66

A very diverse group - the upper house of the Nigerian bicameral legislature. Directly elected by popular vote.

Answer 67

Elected by plurality and represent many different ethnicities.

Answer 68

During the early years of independence the Nigerian judiciary had a great deal of autonomy. However, judicial review exists in theory, but it is stronger and more independent than in the past.

Answer 69

A term that describes the politically active part of the military.

Answer 70

Fulfills traditional duties of the military, and its leaders have often been critical of military control of political power.

Answer 71

Senior government officials are supported by a broader base of loyal junior officials, creating this:

Answer 72

State control of resources means that those in they pyramid get the spoils and they alone have access to wealth and infuence.

Answer 73

allowing the entire country to benefit from offshore oil profits. However almost no one believed that the profits would benefit anyone except corrupt government officials.

Answer 74

Iran and Nigeria have this in common:

Answer 75

heavily supported by state expenditure, while the state receives rent form other countries.

Answer 76

Earnings that come from other states purchasing oil.

Answer 77

Individuals, groups, and communities have learned to respond to the state's control of rents through this, primarily by competing for the government's largesse.

Answer 78

Most Nigerians struggle along without much access to rents, and participate in this, unreported incomes from small-scale trade and subsistence agriculture.

Answer 79

This means that the county's economy suffers disproportionately whenever oil prices go down.

Answer 80

a principle that recognizes people ahead of all elections, religions, and regions, and takes their needs into account.

Answer 81

Amassed during the 2008 economic crisis, this remains a major problem for Nigeria, especially as oil prices have plummeted.

Answer 82

Bloats and promotes corruption within the bureaucracy.

Answer 83

Do Nigerians have enough in common to remain together as a country?

Answer 84

Some checks and balances between government branches, some independent decisions in the courts, revival of civil society, independent media, a peaceful succession of power, improving Freedom House scores.

Answer 85

For the first time in Nigeria's history, power passed between two civilians as President Olusegun Obasanjo stepped down in 2007, peacefully allowing Umaru Yar'Adua to take over.

Answer 86

allowed voters to rank candidates on the ballot in order of preference

Answer 87

Legislators who do not hold leadership positions within their party caucus or conference.

Answer 88

provided for a social insurance program that made all citizens eligible for health, unemployment, pension, and other benefits.

Answer 89

promised to create a "new labour" party and rule in a "third way"

Answer 90

Developed in the Collective Consensus era, this was the TV and Radio Network in England, It was meant to be more educational and was generally kind to government officials.

Answer 91

Extreme right party in Britain that formed in 1982. It is against immigration into the UK.

Answer 92

replaced Tony Blair

Answer 93

new Prime Minister

Answer 94

meeting of people from the same area or of like mind

Answer 95

Culture characterized by trust, legitimacy, and limited involvement, which some theorists believe is most conducive to democracy.

Answer 96

part of the early Labour Party's ideals, believed in nationalizing some parts of the British industry. This clause was removed in the early 90's and showed the moderation of this party to the center

Answer 97

Leader of the Liberal Democrats since 2007. His party is underrepresented in Parliament compared to the number of votes they received

Answer 98

When two or more parties join together to form a majority in a national legislature. This form of government is quite common in the multiparty systems of Europe.

Answer 99

both the Labour and the Conservative parties supported the development of a modern welfare system

Answer 100

in a parliamentary system, the concept that all cabinet members agree on policy decisions and that all will be responsible for the results

Answer 101

limits the Trade Union Congress' wage demands in exchange for 3% reduction in income tax rates

Answer 102

a political party in Great Britain which developed from the Tories in the 1830s, One of the two major parties in the UK, it is generally more right wing, and more towards free-markets and the upper classes,advocates a mixed economy and encourages property owning

Answer 103

the "constitution" of Britain that evolved over time composed of: 1. important documents 2. common law3. tradition/customs

Answer 104

vast cultural differences and varieties in ethnicites, races, and tribes inhabiting the same nation or country

Answer 105

led by protestant clergymen, The Protestant Party in Northern Ireland that is for keeping Northern Ireland in the UK

Answer 106

the delegation of authority (especially from a central to a regional government)

Answer 107

This document list rights retained by Parliament, not by individual citizens. William and Mary signed this document in 1688, giving important policymaking power to Parliament, including the power of the purse.

Answer 108

strict conservatives who want to roll back government controls and move to a full free market

Answer 109

The "first past the post" voting system is the election process for representatives in the House of Commons; it means winner take all. Therefore, the candidate who receives the most votes is elected and there is no need for a majority nor an element of proportional representation.

Answer 110

The English Parliament drove out an absolute monarch and replaced him with two constitutional monarch's William and Mary

Answer 111

a policy which involves taking slow, measured actions

Answer 112

members of the House of Lords appointed by the monarch and whose title automatically passes down to their sons.

Answer 113

The government of a colony, dependent country, or region by its own citizens.

Answer 114

a parliament in which no single party has majority control in the House of Commons

Answer 115

the state of being isolated or detached

Answer 116

an unofficial nationalist military force seeking independence for Ireland from Great Britain

Answer 117

Margaret Thatcher's supporters believed her to be capable and firm

Answer 118

the economic theories of John Maynard Keynes who advocated government monetary and fiscal programs intended to stimulate business activity and increase employment

Answer 119

created in 1906 to represent the rights of the newly-enfranchised working man

Answer 120

five members of the House of Lords who serve as Britain's highest court of appeals

Answer 121

party that garnered 26% of popular vote in the 1980s but, because of GB's plurality system, never got more than 62 seats in the House of Commons.

Answer 122

A political or social philosophy advocating the freedom of the individual, parliamentary systems of government, nonviolent modification of political, social, or economic institutions to assure unrestricted development in all spheres of human endeavor, and governmental guarantees of individual rights and civil liberties.

Answer 123

distinguished members of the society who are given lifetime appointments to the house of lords

Answer 124

In this type of government everyone, including all authority figures, must obey laws. Constitutions, statements of rights, or other laws define the limits of those in power so they cannot take advantage of the elected, appointed, or inherited positions.

Answer 125

the party that does not win the majority

Answer 126

In 1215 King John signed this document, agreeing to consult nobles before he made important political decisions, especially those regarding taxes. This forms the basis of limited government that placed restrictions on the power of monarchs.

Answer 127

Took over the labour party after gordon brown resigned. under his rule the labour party continued to lose support. Miliband has political preferences left of center.

Answer 128

the measure of unemployment and inflation every month

Answer 129

the government directing the economy and nationalizing major industries without giving up basic principles of capitalism such as private ownership of property.

Answer 130

Areas that had once been many nations that are now united under one government

Answer 131

interest groups take lead and sometimes dominate the state

Answer 132

the duty of upper classes to take responsibility for the welfare of the lower classes

Answer 133

Organization for Petroleum Exporting Countries

Answer 134

Oxford and Cambridge Universities

Answer 135

the prime minister and cabinet ministers are actually members of the legislature

Answer 136

Political Party in Wales

Answer 137

electoral process in which the candidate who polls more votes than any other candidate is elected.

Answer 138

tendency to disagree openly and sometimes violently with the government

Answer 139

an election system in which each party running receives the proportion of legislative seats corresponding to its proportion of the vote.

Answer 140

quasi-autonomous nongovernmental organizations or policy advisory boards appointed by the government

Answer 141

a period during a parliamentary session when members of Parliament may ask questions of the ministers

Answer 142

Legitimacy based on a system of laws and procedures that are highly institutionalized.

Answer 143

The name given to the political process in which the general public votes on an issue of public concern.

Answer 144

districts in which incumbents win by margins of 55% or more

Answer 145

political party in Scotland

Answer 146

sits on opposition side facing the cabinet members

Answer 147

the political arm of the IRA

Answer 148

complete unity in a group or organization

Answer 149

the leader of the majority party who serves as the presiding officer+

Answer 150

a conservative, capitalist backlash led by Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher

Answer 151

a centrist alternative to the old labour party on the left and the conservative party on the right

Answer 152

support the King

Answer 153

represents a coalition of unions that had a great deal of clout because the government often consulted them on important decisions

Answer 154

family inheritance- queens, kings, etc.

Answer 155

slightly more popular than the British National Party, this party is opposed to British membership in the EU.

Answer 156

political authority centralized (London)

Answer 157

where a majority of parliamentary members vote to remove a prime minister from office

Answer 158

a government that undertakes responsibility for the welfare of its citizens through programs in public health and public housing and pensions and unemployment compensation etc.

Answer 159

opposing the King

Answer 160

post-modernism

Answer 161

plurality electoral systems

Answer 162

Britain's constitution is based on documents, common law, and customs.

Answer 163

confederalism

Answer 164

the revival of the Scottish parliament

Answer 165

the admission of several eastern European countries into the EU

Answer 166

rural England

Answer 167

the Supreme Court

Answer 168

Proportional Representation

Answer 169

Conservatives and Liberal Democrats

Answer 170

the traditional wing of the Conservative Party

Answer 171

Liberal Democrat Party

Answer 172

interest groups based on neo-corporatismNeocorporatism- Interest groups dominate the state (GB)State Corporatism- State decides interest groups (China, Russia)

Answer 173

the principle of parliamentary sovereignty

Answer 174

separation of powers between the branches of government

Answer 175

Britain has a unitary state but is now developing some power to sub-governments

Answer 176

includes leaders of more than one political party

Answer 177

shadow cabinet

Answer 178

override decisions made by the cabinet

Answer 179

Liberal Democrats sit on the majority side of the chamber

Answer 180

The government resigns and elections for new MPs are held

Answer 181

create a mostly-elected chamber

Answer 182

a member of the House of Lords

Answer 183

a Thatcherite

Answer 184

Transparency levels are still high

Answer 185

the Iraqi war

Answer 186

Britain has not adopted the euro as a common currency.

Answer 187

devolution

Answer 188

- current issue, won't go away- the dispersing of power to lower gov't- ex. N. Ireland and Scottland- Good Friday Agreement- Home Rule - Ireland's right to govern itself

Answer 189

- Legitimacy- Gradualism - change is occuring- Tradition - Traditional Legitimacy- Oldest Democracy- Model of Political Stability

Answer 190

- Nobless Oblige- Oxbridge- Social Clevages (Poor North, Rich South)- House of Lords vs. House of Commons

Answer 191

- PM = a lot of power- House of Commons - Rubber Stamp- Cabinet - Masterminds behind legislation- Quango - Influence/Carry Out Policy

Answer 192

Enhances House of Commons- HoL - Limited Power, Delay Legislation- HoC - Pass, Debate, Carry On Legislation- No judicial review = defer to gov't = parliamentary review

Answer 193

original peoples of North and South America; indigenous people; found largely outside of Mexico City, in the South

Answer 194

Mexico's president from 2006-2012, member of the PAN party

Answer 195

patron-client networks extending from the political elites to vote-mobilizing organizations throughout the country. peasants received jobs, assistance etc, all in exchange for votes.

Answer 196

The lower house of Mexico's legislature; has 500 members; 300 are from single-member districts, 200 are by proportional representation. Deputies have 3 year terms.

Answer 197

the process by which interest groups in Mexico are brought into a beneficial relationship with the state, making them dependent on the state for certain rewards

Answer 198

Founder of the Democratic Revolution Party (PRD), son of Mexico's famed leader Lazaro Cardenas. Ejected from the PRI for demanding reform that emphasized social justice and populism and then switched parties to PRD.

Answer 199

'Roosevelt of Mexico'; stabilised and revolutionised Mexican politics: redistributed land, nationalized industry, invested in public work.

Answer 200

Political/Military strongmen that control different areas of the country. each leader has supporters who he granted favors to based on loyalty. formed a camarilla.

Answer 201

Rural inhabitants of Mexico (Zapatistas), upset about the poor quality of land for farming, lack of other jobs, illiteracy rates, and the overall poverty, rebelled in Chiapas. They asked for jobs, land, education, and health facilities, things that most of Mexico's indigenous and the poverty-stricken rural farmers are in need of. Group still hasn't formally called off rebellion despite Vincente Fox's efforts to incorporate into political system.

Answer 202

Where the state chooses which interest groups are given influence on the politics of the government. Often results in govt meddling to ensure no one group successfully challenges the govt. Central rule allowing input from interest groups.

Answer 203

interest groups take lead and sometimes dominate certain areas of the government.

Answer 204

Priests around the country led a rebellion in the 1920s against new laws against the rights of churches and priests. One of the bloodiest conflicts in Mexican history.

Answer 205

Mexico has always been in the shadow of a bigger nation (e.g. USA, Spain) and consequently struggles with economic dependency on stronger nations.

Answer 206

Dictator in Mexico from 1876 to 1911. Overthrown by the Mexican Revolution of 1910. One of Benito Juarez's generals - promised to only serve one term and broke that promise.

Answer 207

Collective land grants that were given to peasants after Cardenas' land redistribution.

Answer 208

-campaign finance restrictions- laws that limit contributions to campaigns-critical media coverage, as media is less under PRI control-international watch teams, as Mexico has tried to convince other countries that elections are fair and competitive-election monitoring by opposition party members

Answer 209

Zapatista National Liberation Front; began in 1994 in the southern state of Chiapas in protest to the signing of the NAFTA agreement; they saw the agreement as a continuation of exploitation by voracious landowners and corrupt PRI bosses; their army captured 4 towns

Answer 210

Mexican priest who established independence movement among American Indians and mestizos in 1810; despite early victories, was captured and executed

Answer 211

Independent regulatory body to safeguard honest and accurate election results. Reformed campaign finance restrictions, critical media coverage, election monitoring.

Answer 212

Became president of Mexico in 2000 and ended the PRI's reign; Pushed to end official corruption, reduce poverty, and spur economic growth; Tried to protect the rights of Mexico's natives;

Answer 213

UN Treaty that attempts to promote free trade among country (led to creation of WTO). Mexico joined this in 1986.

Answer 214

Gross National Product/Population

Answer 215

Human Development Index, measure of quality of life using factors like life expectancy, literacy, access to clean water, income, etc. (The higher the number, the more developed)

Answer 216

created as independent regulatory body to safeguard election results. dominated by PRI in early years, but now appears to be operating right. reforms include:- campaign finance restrictions- critical media coverage- international watch teams- election monitoring by opposition party members

Answer 217

Development strategy that uses tariffs and other barriers to imports, and therefore stimulates domestic industries. Followed by Cardenas.

Answer 218

Mexican national hero; brought liberal reforms to Mexico, including separation of church and state, land distribution to the poor, and an educational system for all of Mexico. Elected in 1861. Popular with ordinary people and also had support among elites.

Answer 219

A person of mixed Native American and European ancestory. Forms 60% of the Mexican Population.

Answer 220

a period from the 1940s to the 1970s wherein rapid industrialization promoted high levels of economic growth and improved living standards, which gave rise to a new middle class with rising expectations. "model" for other nations. illusion died in '80's when economy crashed, politics were chaotic, and ethnic clashes started.

Answer 221

A trade agreement between Canada, the United States and Mexico that encourages free trade between these North American countries. Mexico hopes to stimulate growth, enrich big business community, and supply jobs for Mexicans in new industries. Risk - being overshadowed by US. Recent clashes over Mexican trucks.

Answer 222

A strategy for economic development that calls for free markets, balanced budgets, privatization, free trade, and minimal government intervention in the economy. idea solidified in the 1980's after pendulum theory dominated 1970's.

Answer 223

Mexican politician who was the mayor of Mexico City from 2000 to 2005, before resigning to contend the 2006 presidential election representing the PRD (Party of the Democratic Revolution)

Answer 224

state owned corporations created to undertake a broad range of activities such as transportation facilities and public utilities. ex. PEMEX

Answer 225

Relations in which "Patron" gains support of "Client" through mutual exchange of benefits and obligations. keeps control in govt's hands; they decide who gets favors and who doesn't.

Answer 226

Mexican Petroleum; a government agency that runs the oil industry in Mexico - effort by Cardenas

Answer 227

Back & forth effect between socialist reform and free-market economic development, Swings in politics between left and right.

Answer 228

Winner does not need a majority to win, but simply must get more votes than anyone else.

Answer 229

An election system in which each party running receives the proportion of legislative seats corresponding to its proportion of the vote.

Answer 230

Founded in 1939, created to represent business interests opposed to centralization and anti-clericism. Strongest in the North.Platform:-Regional autonomy-Less government intervention in the economy-Clean and fair elections.-Good rapport with Catholic Church-Support for Private and religious educationE.g. Felipe Calderon.

Answer 231

A statistical tool that estimates the buying power of income across different countries by using prices in the United States as a benchmark

Answer 232

PRI's left opposition, party leaders are divided on issues, and party is not well organized. Currently led by Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador, mayor of Mexico City.

Answer 233

Party that was in power from 1920 to 2000; founded as coalition of elites that trade favors and pass power around. constitution written during that era created democratic, three-branch govt. stabilized power in hands of leaders. Characterized by:-Patron-Client System: gets support from rural areas, emphasises favour trading.-Corporatist Structure: Party has ultimate authority but interest groups are brought under party umbrella. ALlows input from party-selected groups.

Answer 234

Mexican dictator who was in charge when war broke out between the Mexicans and Americans. He lost Texas to rebels, and was the leader of the armed forces during the war.

Answer 235

the six-year term that a Mexican president serves in office; PRI concept

Answer 236

educated, business-oriented leaders; moderate, free-market approach to politics. took control of the PRI in the 1970's

Answer 237

Mexican revolutionary leader (1877-1923) one caudillo (other is Emiliano Zapata) that lead peasant army and helped establish rebellion in 1910's. Did many good things, but killed a lot of people. Wanted to take money from the rich and give it to the poor.

Answer 238

An organisation made up of member countries which aims to create a global free trade environment. It deals with eliminating trade barriers (tariffs, quotas), ensuring dumping of goods does not take place, reducing/eliminating subsidies on domestic production, focussing on standards for labour laws and ensuring intellectual property issues are dealt with in a fair manner. Mexico has expanded diversity of exports beyond oil and developed new trade relationships with countries other than US.

Answer 239

division in the PRI - old style people who headed camarillas. opposed to tecnicos.

Answer 240

influences of Porfirio Diaz: stability in the form of a stable govt, authoritarianism, foreign investment and growth (because of cientificos), and growing gap between rich and poor

Answer 241

one caudillo (other is Pancho Villa) that lead peasant army and helped establish rebellion in 1910's

Answer 242

Guerilla movement named in honor of Emiliano Zapata; originated in 1994 in Mexico's southern state of Chiapas; government responded with a combination of repression and negotiation

Answer 243

1994-2000 tried to strengthen courts by emphasizing rule of law. ex. refused to interfere with courts' judgements.

Answer 244

Brazil, Russia, India, China - new attention seekers, while Mexico draws attention for drug-fueled violence

Answer 245

important source of legitimacy - revolutions are accepted as a path to change

Answer 246

strong tradition of authoritarian rule. ex. president holds incredible amount of political power

Answer 247

supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite -\> revolutions have often wanted more rights for normal mexicans. ex. modern day zapista movement

Answer 248

common to have competitive splits among the elite... current party leaders often at odds

Answer 249

history full of chaos. many serious contenders to govt authority. ex. 1994 presidential candidate assassinated

Answer 250

until '20's, church actively participated in politics and priests often led populist movements. religious beliefs still have heavy impact on individual political decisions.

Answer 251

system of cliques based on personal connections and charisma. network of camarillas is huge, corruption is one by-product. may be on the decline.

Answer 252

by-product of patron-clientelism

Answer 253

almost always been under the shadow of a more powerful country; recently struggled to gain more economic independency

Answer 254

mountains and deserts, varied climates, natural resources (oil, silver etc), long border with the US, 114 million people, rapidly urbanizing population

Answer 255

group of advisors brought in by Porfirio Diaz that believed in bringing scientific and econ progress to Mexico

Answer 256

set up structure for democratic govt, three branches, competitive elections but didn't do much to curb political violence. also wanted to limit foreigner's rights to exploit natural resources.

Answer 257

urban v rural, social class, mestizo v amerindian, north v south

Answer 258

different divisions emerging as issues change

Answer 259

when every dispute aligns the same groups against each other

Answer 260

site where student protests led to govt troops killing 200 people --\> example of co-optation: next president recruited student activists to be part of govt

Answer 261

political accountability, political competition, political freedom, political equality

Answer 262

PAN candidate for 2000

Answer 263

The upper house of Mexico's legislature; has 128 members; combo of electoral methods

Answer 264

highest federal court, judicial review on paper, in reality never overrules impt govt action of policy

Answer 265

An important cultural characteristic that separates Iran from most of its near neighbors is its:

Answer 266

What is an accurate comparison of the colonial experience of Mexico and Iran?

Answer 267

The Qajar rule shaped the political culture of Iran by laying the foundations for:

Answer 268

Under the Pahlavis, Iran was transformed into a rentier state because of its:

Answer 269

The Iranian Constitution of 1906 did NOT provide for:

Answer 270

The Iranian Constitution provided for:

Answer 271

The United States was motivated to co-sponsor the overthrow of Mosaddeq in the 1950s by its desire to:

Answer 272

The Ayatollah Khomeini changed the meaning of jurist's guardianship by:

Answer 273

Iran's Revolution of 1979 was similar to China's Revolution of 1949 in that they both:

Answer 274

According to the "revolution of rising expectations," a factor that created the "intolerable gap" that sparked the Iranian Revolution of 1979 was:

Answer 275

The second largest religious group in Iran today is

Answer 276

Radical clerics differ from pragmatic conservative clerics in their support of:

Answer 277

Civil society in Iran expanded most noticeably during the time:

Answer 278

The demonstrations and protests during the early summer of 2009 were sparked by

Answer 279

In recent years women in Iran have had the most success in overcoming discrimination in terms of:

Answer 280

Which of the following is an alliance of reformist political parties

Answer 281

Who is a modern-day political figures is most clearly a conservative who is influenced by radical clerics:

Answer 282

Who is elected to office by direct popular vote in Iran?

Answer 283

The National Front, the Liberation Movement, and the Mojahedin are all:

Answer 284

Compared to newspapers in Mexico, newspapers in Iran have:

Answer 285

Who is NOT appointed by Iran's supreme leader?

Answer 286

Who has the right to dismiss Iran's supreme leader?

Answer 287

The Expediency Council was first created by the Ayatollah Khomeini for the purpose of:

Answer 288

What is a political power held by both the Iranian president and the British prime minister?

Answer 289

What is NOT a power of the Majles?

Answer 290

Ultimate legal authority in Iran rests in

Answer 291

A loosely-organized military group that has often been responsible for controlling demonstrations and protests in recent years:

Answer 292

Which policymaking faction is most likely to support the government taking an active role in controlling the economy?

Answer 293

An important result of the government's population policy that it has held since the late 1980s is that:

Answer 294

The United States and Iran disagree most openly over Iran's policies for:

Answer 295

a government ruled strictly by religion is called a:

Answer 296

the belief that religion and the government should be separated.

Answer 297

Iran, Russia, China, Mexico, Nigeria (similarity)

Answer 298

Mexico and Iran (similarity)

Answer 299

A state-sponsored religion.

Answer 300

The brand of Islam that distinguishes Iran from its neighbors.

Answer 301

authoritarian leaders who ruled in the 20th century. Attempted to secularize the state.

Answer 302

personified the union of political and religious interests from ancient days. A very charismatic leader who undid the Pahlavi attempts to secularize the state.

Answer 303

Led by the Ayatollah Khomeini, it transformed the legitimacy of the state, anchoring it once again in principles of Shiism.

Answer 304

written during the last months of the Ayatollah Khomenei's life, it legitimizes the state of Iran.

Answer 305

a highly complex mixture of theocracy and democracy.

Answer 306

Sovereignty of the people and divinely inspired clerical rule have created this crisis of legitimacy in Iran.

Answer 307

The central political leaders did not control all areas of people's lives.

Answer 308

Political and religious leaders were often one and the same. However, starting with the rule of the Qajars (1794-1925), the two types of authority were separated, only to be brought back together by the Revolution of 1979.

Answer 309

Almost 90% of Iranians identify themselves as Shiite, a fact that links citizens to the government (which is officially a theocracy.)

Answer 310

An important source of legitimacy that the modern government particularly emphasizes.

Answer 311

Iran was never officially colonized during the imperialist era. However, it was heavily impacted by European power moves.

Answer 312

A great deal of Iran's land space is unusable for agriculture. Because of this, the population of Iran is unevenly distributed.

Answer 313

The Persian identity shapes Iranian nationalism.

Answer 314

Public opinion surveys show that Iranians in general have a stronger sense of national identity than do citizens of most Arab countries.

Answer 315

converted nearly 90% of their subjects to shiism. Their ability to rule was affected by economic problems and their inability to establish absolute power. This first era ended when Afghan tribesman invaded. Based legitimacy on their descent from the Twelve Imams.

Answer 316

Widened the separation between government and religion. Led the country into serious debt.

Answer 317

Began with business owners and bankers demonstrating against the Qajars. Demanded a written constitution from the Shah - how the revolution got its name. Sparked a debate about separation of religion from the government.

Answer 318

Guaranteed direct elections, separation of powers, laws made by an elected legislature, popular sovereignty, and the Bill of Rights.

Answer 319

A group of clerics who had the power to veto any legislation passed by the Majles.

Answer 320

Took power from the Majles and reestablished authoritarian rule. A hereditary dynasty.

Answer 321

named because it was meant to counter communist (or red) influences - focused on land reform. It secularized Iran further by extending voting rights to women, restricting polygamy, and allowing women to work outside the home.

Answer 322

A tax-exempt patronage system that controlled large companies that fed the pocketbooks of the shah and his supporters.

Answer 323

Unique because this revolution was almost completely religious in nature.

Answer 324

resulted in the establishment of a theocracy.

Answer 325

He was perceived as being totalitarian, broke the balance between the secular and religious state by secularizing Iran too much and too fast, ties to the West offended Iranian nationalists as well as the clergy.

Answer 326

Rose to oppose the shah, lead a revolution, and eventually take over the government.

Answer 327

Lent success to the revolution because of his charismatic leadership, defended Islamic fundamentalism and articulated resentments toward the elite and the United States.

Answer 328

Decreasing oil prices and increasing consumer prices, plus U.S. pressure on the shah to loosen his restraints on the opposition.

Answer 329

February 11, 1979. Ended with the famous announcement: "This is the voice of Iran, the voice of the true Iran, the voice of the Islamic Revolution."

Answer 330

A 73-man assembly of clerics elected directly by the people.

Answer 331

Shia leaders launched this program with goals that were very similar to Mao Zedong's.

Answer 332

Until the Ayatollah Khomeini's death in 1989, the clerics did this:

Answer 333

Economic well-being as both the petroleum prices and Iran's economy rebounded, citizens rallying around the government in response to Iraq's invasion, Khomeini's charisma.

Answer 334

a conservative who has antagonized western countries, although he has not isolated himself from them. He has asserted theocratic values and has appealed to Iranian nationalism to solidify his white (bloodless) coup of the reformists.

Answer 335

90% of Iranians are Shia Muslims, 10% are Sunni, and 1% are a combination of Jews, Christians, Zoroastrian, and Baha'i. These people face major cleavages.

Answer 336

This cleavage is closely tied to religion, but other cultural differences distinguish minorities in Iran.

Answer 337

The peasantry and lower middle class are sources of support for the regime, but the middle and upper-middle classes are largely secularized and tend to be highly critical of the clerics and their control of society.

Answer 338

Conservatives want to keep the regime as it is, but reformers would like to see more secularization and democracy.

Answer 339

Distinct divisions among the clergy have led to many important disagreements among the top levels of policy-making. The conservatives favor liberal economic policies, but conservatives are generally willing to turn over economic management to liberally-inclined technocrats.

Answer 340

Islamic policy toward women - basically justifying unfair treatment.

Answer 341

the splintering of the politcial elites based not just on points of view but also on personalities.

Answer 342

Elections are held using this method.

Answer 343

The supreme leader and the Guardian Council work together to exercise this principle.

Answer 344

Although he is democratically elected, the Constitution still requires him to be a pious Shiite who upholds Islamic principles.

Answer 345

The first is derived from God and is divine law, while the second is law made by the people's elected representatives.

Answer 346

Jurist guardianship; ultimate interpreter of sharia, appointed for life.

Answer 347

Jurist guardianship, interpreter of sharia, six members selected by the supreme leader. Six members selected by the Majles, which is popularly elected; indirect democratic tie.

Answer 348

Jurist guardianship, interpreter of sharia. Directly elected by the people.

Answer 349

Appointed by the supreme leader, most members are clerics.

Answer 350

Responsibility to uphold sharia, directly elected by the people, pass qanun (statutes)

Answer 351

Courts held to sharia law; subject to the judicial judgments of the supreme leader, Guardian Council. Court structure similar to those in democracies, "modern" penalties such as fines and imprisonment.

Answer 352

FACTION: Conservatives uphold the traditional principles of the regime, but Reformists believe that political system needs significant reform, although they disagree on exactly what the reforms should be.

Answer 353

FACTION: Statists believe that the government should take an active role in controlling the economy, but the free-marketers want to remove price controls, lower business taxes, encourage private enterprise, and balance the budget.

Answer 354

The legitimacy of modern Iranian theocracy has its roots in Qom, a desert city about 60 miles south of Tehran.

Answer 355

A statement by President Bush, saying that Iran, Iraq, North Korea, and their terrorist allies, constitute an axis of evil.

Answer 356

a system where power is devolved unequally across the country and its constituent regions, ofther then result of specific laws negotiated between the region and the central government.

Answer 357

Russian who became a rich Oligarch by buying up Russian industries after the fall of Communism and the beginning of "shock therapy." He was exiled by the Russian government.

Answer 358

Led by Vladimir Lenin it was the Russian communist party that took over the Russian goverment during WWI

Answer 359

Russian landholding aristocrats; possessed less political power than their western European counterparts

Answer 360

This was the empress of Russia who continued Peter's goal to Westernizing Russia, created a new law code, and greatly expanded Russia

Answer 361

most important top government officials, a group of 300 party leaders that met twice a year

Answer 362

Despite high voter turnouts, participation in other forms of political activity is low. Russians usually don't attend church, or belong to any clubs or groups of any kind. Only 1% belongs to a political party. Ethel describes civil society in Russia to be "undeveloped"

Answer 363

government owned farms, workers were paid by government and they shared profits from products

Answer 364

Putting group goals ahead of personal goals and defining one's identity in terms of the groups one belongs to.

Answer 365

unites the fifteen former republics of the Soviet Union, has little power over its members, Russia, trade agreements bind them, nationality issue divide them, Putin's involvement in elections in Ukraine was controversial, controversy in Estonia

Answer 366

A region in Russia, primarily Muslim, fought for years for independence, still strong, Russia is having trouble holding onto the region, been involved in terrorist acts, murders, kidnapping, explosions, bombings, ect.,

Answer 367

Created the publicly-elected office of President, held in check by the Duma. It created a three-branch government. It is a semipresidential system and has a Constitutional Court

Answer 368

nineteen members are appointed by president; evaluate the constitutionality of all laws and decrees

Answer 369

A war fought in the middle of the nineteenth century between Russia on one side and Turkey, Britain, and France on the other. Russia was defeated and the independence of Turkey was guaranteed

Answer 370

The Communist Party of the Russian Federation, it is the second-strongest party. The party emphasizes centralized planning and nationalism, and implies an intention to regain territories lost when the Soviet Union broke apart.

Answer 371

diversity in Russia; the name "Russian Federation" reflects this, with countless "republics" and "autonomous regions" based on ethnicity, but with borders impossible to draw because of the blend and locations of people

Answer 372

The 1825 plot by liberals (upper-class intelligentsia) to set up a constitutional monarchy or a republic. The plot failed, but the ideals remained.

Answer 373

official decisions or laws; can be made by the president

Answer 374

..., a form of democracy in which the interests of the masses were discovered through discussion within the Communist party, and then decisions were made under central leadership to serve those interests

Answer 375

social process of neutralizing the influence of Joseph Stalin by revising his policies and removing monuments dedicated to him and renaming places named in his honor

Answer 376

lower house with 450 deputies, passes bills, approves budget, confirms president's appointments, very limited powers, impeachment process is cumbersom

Answer 377

..., the Communist regime instilled in the Russian people an appreciation for equality; this is very different from western "equality of opportunity" that sees "getting ahead" as a sign of initiative, hard work, and talent; as a result, the Russian political culture is not conducive to the development of capitalism

Answer 378

89 regions, each bound by treaty to the Federation, most regions are called "Republics", many ruled themselves independently, authoritarian,

Answer 379

The 178-seat upper house of Russia. Wields relatively little power and represents local interests. It must approve bills that involve certain issues, and can reject legislation, but only within certain parameters.

Answer 380

Plans that Joseph Stalin introduced to industrialize the Soviet Union rapidly, beginning in 1928. They set goals for the output of steel, electricity, machinery, and most other products and were enforced by the police powers of the state. (781)

Answer 381

Office created by Stalin in the Communist Party. Came to dominate the entire structure of the party. Power and authority flowed from the top down. Had authority over appointments and assignments at all levels.

Answer 382

Policy of openness initiated by Gorbachev in the 1980s that provided increased opportunities for freedom of speech, association and the press in the Soviet Union.

Answer 383

..., Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe.

Answer 384

glasnost, which allowed criticism of the government, democratization, which inserted democracy into the Communist Party with a president and elected representatives, and perestroika, which transferred economic powers held by the central government to private hands and the market economy

Answer 385

the State Planning Commission which oversaw Stalin's series of five year plans

Answer 386

the president and the prime minister

Answer 387

ruled the USSR from 1958-1964; lessened government control of soviet citizens; seeked peaceful coexistence with the West instead of confrontation

Answer 388

Rich peasants in the Russian Empire who owned larger farms and used hired labour. They were their own class.

Answer 389

A former paratrooper in the Russian Army, served briefly as Russia's national security chief under president Boris Yeltsin before moving on to become one of Yeltsin's most probable successors, fierce nationalist and an outspoken critic of corruption in Russian business and government

Answer 390

was a Russian communist revolutionary, politician and political theorist, leader of the Russian SFSR from 1917, concurrently as Premier of the Soviet Union from 1922, until his death. Politically a Marxist, his theoretical contributions to Marxist thought are known as Leninism, which coupled with Marxian economic theory have collectively come to be known as Marxism-Leninism.

Answer 391

..., the neofascist and racist opposition party led by Vladmir Zhirinovsky. Nationalistic.

Answer 392

this interest group controls much more than underworld crime - they control local businesses, natural resources, and banks. They thrive on payoffs from businesses ("protection money," money laundering, and deals that they make with Russian government officials, including members of the former KGB. They have murdered bankers, journalists, businessmen, and members of the Duma.

Answer 393

a communist ideology, officially based upon the theories of Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels and Vladimir Lenin, that promotes the development and creation of an international communist society through the leadership of a vanguard party presiding over a revolutionary socialist state that represents a dictatorship of the proletariat

Answer 394

Served as Putin's prime minister and Putin appointed him as president; when he was president, appointed Putin as his prime minister; handled domestic and social affairs while Putin handled foreign affairs

Answer 395

..., Means "minority". Group created from the split of the SDs, led by Martov. Tried to take power from Bolsheviks in Civil war beginning in 1918, but did not succeed.

Answer 396

Russian term to describe the other fourteen republics of the former Soviet Union.

Answer 397

Policy proclaimed by Vladimir Lenin in 1924 to encourage the revival of the Soviet economy by allowing small private enterprises. Joseph Stalin ended the N.E.P. in 1928 and replaced it with a series of Five-Year Plans. (See also Lenin, Vladimir.) (p. 766)

Answer 398

an ordered path from local party soviets to the commanding heights of leadership

Answer 399

form of government in which a few people have the power, Yeltsin created one using family

Answer 400

a policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society

Answer 401

wanted to "modernize" Russia with a stronger army, navy, roads, communication, "Window on the West", intrigued by the west, learned shipbuilding, brought engineers, carpenters, etc.

Answer 402

..., the chief executive and political committee of the Communist Party

Answer 403

all Duma seats are now assigned exclusively by proportional representation; parties must get at least 7% of the total vote to get any seats; this system was instituted by Putin; reduces number of parties in Duma

Answer 404

President of Russia 2001-2008; reestablished the strong structure of the old regime; currently prime minister

Answer 405

two Russian factions that fought in a Civil War in 1918; the White Army was led by Russian Military Leaders and funded by the allied powers; the Red Army (a.k.a. Bolsheviks) was led by Lenin; Red Army won and Lenin came to power

Answer 406

The church of Russia, branch of; supported the Tsar; There was a gap between poor parish peasants and rich bishops

Answer 407

Khrushchev revealed the existance of a letter written by Lenin that was very critical of Stalin; used to denounce Stalin's rules & practices

Answer 408

rapid transition to capitalism adopted by Yeltsin in 1992, which was supposed to involve liberalization of prices, privatization of state property, and stabilization of the Russian currency that had disastrous economic and social results

Answer 409

conflict over where the political sphere and social mentality of Russia is headed, either more democratic or more historically Russian

Answer 410

Stalin's government system that was acheived in the name of Communism but was more like totalitarianism; benefited only government and relied on terror tactics, secret police, bogus trials and assassination

Answer 411

..., a political system in which the state requires all members of a particular economic sector to join an officially designated interest group

Answer 412

..., Russia's value of a strong state that could protect them from their geographic vulnerabilities in contrast to a taste for individualism and civil society; the expectation that the state will take an active role in the lives of its citizens

Answer 413

government control over every aspect of public and private life

Answer 414

A Russian term for "Caesar" or ruler; the authoritarian rulers of the Russian empire before its collapse in the 1917 revolution

Answer 415

Political party put together by the oligarchs of Russia to support Putin. Currently the dominant party in Russian politics, although it lacks a coherent ideology.

Answer 416

After the great Northern war, in the Treaty of Nystad, Russia made important gains in Latvia and Estonia in the Baltic Sea. (St. Petersburg)

Answer 417

a reformist party which stands for pro-democracy and is at risk of disappearing; lost all representation in the Duma due to the switch to proportional representation in 2007

Answer 418

, Was the first President of the Russian Federation from 1991 to 1999. The Yeltsin era was a traumatic period in Russian history—a period marked by widespread corruption, economic collapse, and enormous political and social problems. In June 1991 Yeltsin came to power on a wave of high expectations. On June 12 Yeltsin was elected president of the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic with 57% of the vote, becoming the first popularly elected president in Russian history. But Yeltsin never recovered his popularity after endorsing radical economic reforms in early 1992 which were widely blamed for devastating the living standards of most of the Russian population. By the time he left office, Yeltsin was a deeply unpopular figure in Russia, with an approval rating as low as two percent by some estimates.

Answer 419

organ of rural self-government in the Russian Empire and Ukraine; established in 1864 to provide social and economic services, it became a significant liberal influence within imperial Russia

Answer 420

leader of the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia, arguing for ultranationalist solutions to face postcommunist problems, envisioning the expansion of Russia to the Indian Ocean

Answer 421

leader of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF); lost 1996 & 2000 elections

Iran, Mexico, Britain, Russia, Nigeria Flashcards

(449 cards)