iraq and iran

Question 1

middle east term

Answer 1

coined by the british

Question 2

largest ethnic group in middle east

Answer 2

arabs

Question 3

what is the term arabs

Answer 3

term referring to people originally from arabian peninsula - not all arabs are muslims, and all muslims are not arabs, but arabs are 20% of the worlds muslim population

Question 4

what are the three abrahamic faiths

Answer 4

judaism, islam, and christianity

Question 5

where is the holy land

Answer 5

modern day Israel - Jerusalem - three faiths have a claim over it

Question 6

Judaism claim to holy land

Answer 6

calls it promised land, major events in their religion happened there, holiest sight is the western wall, the only extant structure from the second temple

Question 7

Islam claim to holy land

Answer 7

Jerusalem is the third holiest city, holiest site is Dome of the Rock (Al-Aqsa Mosque - believed to be where muhammed ascended to heaven and spoke to allah

Question 8

christianity claim to holy land

Answer 8

major events of Jesus’s life happened there, holy city, death and resurection occured there, church of the holy sepulchre is said to be the site where christ was crucified and to contain christ’s empty tomb

Question 9

ottoman empire

Answer 9

controlled middle east starting in 1500s, Sykes-Picot Agreement created by france and britian divided the areas of the ottoman empire after they lost WW1

Question 10

the mandate system

Answer 10

Britian and France gave mandates to the freed states after WW1, goal was to move mandates toward independence, strong resistance to mandate system up through WW2, after WW2 the mandates became independent nations

Question 10

state

Answer 10

a political entity with defined borders

Question 11

nation

Answer 11

a group with common cultural, religious, linguistic, or historical backgrounds

Question 12

Zionism

Answer 12

movement for self-determination and statehood for the jewish people in their ancestral homeland, the land of Israel

Question 13

Theodor Herzl

Answer 13

organized movement to promote zionism, advocated for international recongnition of an independent and soverign jewish state in the land of Israel

Question 14

UN resolution

Answer 14

confirmed international recognition for the jewish sovereignty, created to states (one arab one jewish) but Jerusalem was put under international control, supported by 33 countries including USA and USSR, only arab world opposed

Question 15

population of Palestine

Answer 15

1.3 million Arab and 600k jews - lots of jews moved to palestine as a result of antisemitism in europe

Question 16

America worrying about angering arabs

Answer 16

Arab nation controlled much of oil production and we did not want to loose that

Question 17

arab israeli war

Answer 17

May 14, 1948, the day Israel and Palestine were both created, five arab nations invaded Israel. Israelis won the war even though they were greatly under supplied

Question 18

what mandates gained independence

Answer 18

syria iraq and jordan after WW2 and palestine partitioned into arab areas and israel

Question 19

what is the balfour declaration

Answer 19

british governments delcaration of support for the creation of a jewish state

Question 20

consequences of the first arab israeli war

Answer 20

end of war in 1949, israel increased territory by a lot and arab states not taking the original deal was a huge mistake, lots of arabs living in israel fled and lived in UN refugee camps, jewish refugees were expelled from neighboring arab nations and fled to israel

Question 21

david ben-gurion

Answer 21

1st prime minister of israel, born in poland and emigated to palestine, he is a prominent zionist leader who is credited due to his effort as the founder of the modern state of israel

Question 22

what is jerusalem

Answer 22

holy city of the abrahamic religions, capital of both israel and palestine, due to contention some countries recongnize tel aviv as the capital of israel. originally planned as UN controlled area

Question 23

gamal abdel nasser

Answer 23

leader of egypt, supported arab nationalism and opposed the existence of israel. he seized suez canal which had been under british and french administation. great britian, france and israel launched a war against egypt but they withdrew because no one would join them in the war

Question 24

the six day war

Answer 24

israel had felt increasing threats from their neighboring countries and had been told they were going to be wiped off the map. israel launched a suprise attack on egypt, wiping out their air force and gained control of the sinai peninsula. Israel turned attention to the west bank and the golan heights. a

Question 25

results of the six day war

Answer 25

israel annexed the old city of jerusalem effectively putting the entire city under israeli control. millions of palestinians now lived under israeli control, mostly in the west bank. israel proposed to return the golan heights and sinai peninsula if they would recongnize israel as a state

Question 26

yom kippur war

Answer 26

on yom kippur, judaism's holiest day of the year, egypt and syria launched a coordinated suprise attack against israel. Golda Meir, israels first female prime minister had little time to prepare, but counter-attacked, weeks later a crease fire was negotiated, but tensions remianed

Question 27

what is OPEC

Answer 27

several oil-producing states had formed OPEC, the organization of the petroleum exporting counties to control the price of oil. during the yom kippur war some of OPEC nations announced large increases in the price of oil to foreign countries, this led to oil shortages and serious economic problems in the west

Question 28

camp david accords

Answer 28

jimmy carter wanted peace with arabs and israelis. result was signing of israeli-egyptian peace treaty. Israel gave sinai peninsula back, egypt recognized israel as a state

Question 29

PLO

Answer 29

egyptians formed a palestine liberation organization or PLO, thought only palestinian arabs should have a state in the palestine region, also wanted to destroy israel. also, a guerilla movement called al-fatah headed by the PLO political leader Yasser Arafat began to launch attacks on israel

Question 30

the Oslo peace accords

Answer 30

palestinian arabs were mad by their failure to achieve self-rule and they grew more militant. this militancy led to a movement called the intifada or uprising, they were concentrated on Israeli areas. the olso peace accords was an agreement that the palestinians would control a semi-independent area known as the palestinian authority. in return the PLO recongnized Israel and renounced terrorism.

Question 31

what is palestine

Answer 31

palestinian used to describe arab people, controlled by lots of empire, british mandate for palestine controlled the region from the fall of the end of WW1 to creation of israel as an independent state,

Question 32

1st intifada

Answer 32

1st intifada: palestinian anger over ongoing israeli occupation of gaza and west bank, they revolted and hundred of people were killed - resulted in the oslo peace accords

Question 33

Hamas

Answer 33

sunni muslim militant group formed during the 1st intifada, hamas means islamic resistance movement, united states and european union said hamas is a terrorist group because of armed attacks against israel

Question 34

the qajar dynasty

Answer 34

ruled iran for a while, absolute monarchy, under this ruling, iran experienced significant political and social changed, centralized government, weakend due to corruption, faced challenged with other powers, this dynasty laid foundation for future political developments

Question 35

constitutional revolution

Answer 35

in response to pressure from russia and britian, a coalition of iranian intellectuals merchants and religious leaders came together to demand more rights and more representation in the government, made consitutional revolution, established irans first parlament, limited power to the king, initial success but internal division

Question 36

pahlavi dynasty

Answer 36

reza shah pahlavi overthrew the qajar dynasty, this dynasty was known for moderning iran and secularizing iran's society, national army, western legal codes, promotion of womens rights, forced education, industrialization. redistributed land from rich to small farms, increased industrialization in oil production and transportation, encouraged forien envestments, oil stuff helped make iran rich

Question 37

irans oil industry

Answer 37

during WW2, britian and soviet forces invaded iran for their oil resources, irans oil in industry was dominated by foreigners for decades, particularly to AIOC, it controlled all aspects of oil industry, iran tried to overthrow but lost pretty badly

Question 38

iranian revolution/islamic revolutin

Answer 38

a popular uprising against the monarchy, led by religious leaders, which culmintated in the establishment of an islamic republic in iran, the revolution was sparked by a combination of factors - mass protests and strikes, leading the oppositon to the shah was the ayatollah khomeini, a member of the muslim clergy, shah fled, government collapsed and was replaced by an islamic republic, new government moved to restore islamic law

Question 39

iranian hostage crisis

Answer 39

a diplomatic standoff between the US an Iran that lasted 444 days, iranian student who were angry by the US involvement in iran stormed the american embassy (we took care of the shah after he fled) took 52 american hostages, resolved through negotiations, hostages released right after reagan was inaugurated

Question 40

after iranian revolution

Answer 40

became islamic republic, arrest, detention and torture are common if one goes against the government, limited access to jobs, dress code, women treated poorly

Question 41

nuclear weapons

Answer 41

the nuclear non proliferation treaty (NPT) aims to prevent spreads of nuclear weapons, almost every country has signed treaty, including iran, evidence emerged that iran had nuclear activity, said it was okay if they stopped activity, iran rejected and said they would grow their supply

Question 42

what is modern iraq like

Answer 42

military group overthrew the monarchy and iraq became a republic, iraq is made up of mostly shi'ites, saddam hussein, a sunni, became dictator

Question 43

saddam heussein

Answer 43

sunni leader in shi'ite country, modern western government, secular laws not based on qur'an (the muslim holy book) wanted to make iraq leading state in the middle east

Question 44

iran - iraq war

Answer 44

horrific trench warfare, massive casualties, allegation of iraqi use of both chemical weapons on both iranians iraqi, massive war debts for iraq and iran - ended as a stalemate, although saddam claimed victory, iraq was 60 billion in debt, it could no longer pay for the health care, education, nearly free food and gas, and other benefits given to its citizens in better times, the price of oil had fallen sharply crippling iraqs ability to repay its wartime debts

Question 45

desert storm background

Answer 45

long standing disputes between iraq and kuwait, iraq argues kuwait is an iraqi province, iraq mobolized and prepared for invasion immediatley after kuwait was granted independence by britian, iraq wants kuwait to forgive debts iraq owes from iran iraq war. claims kuwait owes irq for defending it against iran, iraq accuses kuwait of overproduction of oil

Question 46

persian gulf war

Answer 46

saddam hussein invaded kuwait, husseins goal was to use kuwaits oil wealth to help make iraw the dominant power in the middle east, saudi arabia, fearing invasion, asked the united states for military aid. the us and its allies gave hussein and ultimatum which he ignored, US forced then defeated the iraqi army and forced it to leave kuwait - afterword saddam hussein remained in power, UN placed embargo on Iraq because didn't accept terms of peace, iraqs economy suffered because of that, 600 of kuwaits oil feilds were set on fire

Question 47

second iraq war

Answer 47

hussein had been allowed to stay in power, the US and tis allies did not want to have to build a new government in iraq at that time, george bush pushed for an invasion of iraq because he said iraq had weapons of mass destruction and connections of al qaeda, other nations wanted more investigation, iraq was easily defeated and executed by new iraqi government, now connections or weapons were found, US had to stay in iraq for 8 years in an attempt to create a new stable government

Question 48

iraq after US withdrawal

Answer 48

iraq formed new government and constitution that held control as US left, arab spring protests erupted throughout the middle east

Question 49

what was the arab spring

Answer 49

it was a series of pro-democracy uprisings and protests that swept across the middle east and north africa, it marked a turning point in the regions history, challenging long standing regimes and leading to significant politcal, economic, and social changes

Question 50

what were the causes of the arab spring

Answer 50

corruption and lack of politcal freedom, high unemployment, inflation, income inequality, growing desire for individual freedom

Question 51

arab spring in tunisia

Answer 51

street fruit vendor mohamed boazizi had been harassed by local authorities, lots of protests against the police, and corruption, they were largly led by young people who used social media to spread the message - the government responded with force, cracking down on protestors and arresting activists, but protests continued to grow, the president Zine El Abidine Ben Ali fled the country and the people won. they made a new constitution and a new government with faire elections

Question 52

arab spring in egypt

Answer 52

followed the tunisia uprising, people wanted to end Hosni Mubaraks rule and wanted political and economic reforms, Mubarak resigned and egypt went through political instability, people were fighting for power, led to election of Mohamed Morsi of the muslim brotherhood, who was ousted by the military, now a president Abdel Fattah el-sisi is not that good

Question 52

arab spring in libya

Answer 52

3rd protest, they were initially peaceful but quickly turned violent, president Muammar Gaddafi responded with force, turned into civil war, people finally got the capital, Tripoli, they still today have an ustable government

Question 53

arab spring in syria

Answer 53

4th protest, started in city of Daraa, after the arrest and torture of a group of teenagers who had painted anti-government graffiti on a wall, started small but then turned into a whole rebellion against president Bashar al-assad, conflict soon became civil war, other countries got included, chemical weapons were used, president wouldn't cease fire, rise is ISIS

Question 54

what was al-qaeda

Answer 54

did global attacks, responsible for 9-11, many label them a terrorist organization, the taliban gave them saftey in afganistan

Question 55

what is ISIS

Answer 55

did global attacks, a splinter from al-qaeda, known for extreme violence and control over areas of iraq and syria, universally recognized as a terrrorist organization

Question 56

what is the hamas

Answer 56

focused on israeli and palestinian conflict, it is a palestinian islamic group governing gaza, it is designated as a terrorist group by many, but many agrue and debate about that

Question 57

what is the taliban

Answer 57

within afganistan, it is an islamic militant group in afganistan, they are not designated terrorist but they have harbored other terrorists