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A&P 1 > IRAT 3- integumentary and nervous systems > Flashcards

IRAT 3- integumentary and nervous systems Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

What is the largest system of the body?

A

Integumentary

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2
Q

What are the two components of the integumentary system?

A

Cutaneous membrane(skin) and accessory structures

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3
Q

components of cutateous membrane

A

outer epidermis, inner dermis

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4
Q

dermis made up of:

A

dense irregular ct

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5
Q

subcutaneous layer(hypodermis)

A

loose ct

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6
Q

PEMPPSSDC- function of integumentary

A

protection, excretion, maintenance, production, production, synthesis, storage, detection, coordination

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7
Q

nervous tissue contains two kinds of cells:

A

neuroglia (glial cells) and neurons

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8
Q

neurons function

A

intercellular communication

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9
Q

neuroglia function

A

preserve structure of nervous tissue and essential to survival and function of neurons

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10
Q

CNS- central nervous system

A
  • process and coordinate sensory data from inside and outside body
  • higher functions of brain include intelligence. memory, learning, and emotion
  • consists of nervous tissue, connective tissue, and blood vessels
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11
Q

PNS- peripheral nervous system

A

Includes all nervous tissue outside CNS
– Delivers sensory information to CNS
– Carries motor commands to peripheral tissues

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12
Q

afferent division

A

carries sensory info into

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13
Q

efferent division

A

carries motor commands; exits from processing center
- from cns to muscles, glands, and adipose tissue

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14
Q

Receptors

A

• Detect changes or respond to stimuli
• May be neurons or specialized cells
• May be single cells or complex sensory organs (e.g., eyes,
ears)

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15
Q

Effectors

A
  • target organs that respond to motor commands
  • efferent neurons trigger muscle to move
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16
Q

Somatic Nervous System- SNS

A
  • controls skeletal muscle contractions
  • both voluntary and involuntary (reflexes)
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17
Q

Autonomic Nervous System- ANS

A

Controls subconscious actions, contractions of smooth and
cardiac muscle, and glandular secretions ex: eating food and digesting
• Sympathetic division has a stimulating effect
• Parasympathetic division has a relaxing effect

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18
Q

Enteric Nervous System- ENS

A
  • Initiates and coordinates visceral reflexes locally
    • Without instructions from CNS
  • 100 million neurons in walls of digestive tract
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19
Q

cell body

A

– Large nucleus and nucleolus
– Perikaryon (cytoplasm)
– Mitochondria (produce energy)
– RER and ribosomes (synthesize proteins)

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20
Q

Cytoskeleton or perikaryon

A

– Neurofilaments and neurotubules
• Similar to intermediate filaments and microtubules
– Neurofibrils
• Bundles of neurofilaments that provide support for dendrites
and axon

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21
Q

Nissal bodies

A

– Dense areas of RER and ribosomes in perikaryon
– Make nervous tissue appear gray (gray matter)

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22
Q

Anaxonic neurons

A
  • small
  • found in brain and special sense organs
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23
Q

Bipolar neurons

A
  • small and rare; one dendrite and one axon
  • found in sight smell and hearing
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24
Q

unipolar neurons

Study These Flashcards
A

• Axon and dendrites are fused; Cell body to one side
• Most sensory neurons of PNS

25
Multipolar neurons
- Have one long axon and two or more dendrites - Common in CNS; All motor neurons control skeletal muscles
26
sensory neurons
afferent neurons
27
Introreceptors
•Sensory neuron Monitor internal systems (e.g., digestive, urinary) • Internal senses (stretch, deep pressure, pain)
28
Extroreceptors
•Sensory neuron Monitor external environment (e.g., temperature) • Complex senses (e.g., sight, smell, hearing)
29
Proprioceptors
- sensory neuron Moniter position and movement - skeletal muscles and joints
30
Interneurons
- brain and spinal cord - located between sensory and motor neurons - involved in higher functions: memory, planning, and learning
31
Neuroglia
- support and protect neurons - make up half the volume of nervous system
32
Astrocytes
- type of neuroglia - have large cell bodies - function to maintain blood brain barrier (BBB)
33
Oligodendrocytes
- type of neuroglia - small cell bodies - cooperate to form myelin sheath (protection) - gray matter- unmyelinated axons
34
Ependymal cells
- type of neuroglia - form epithelium that lines central canal of spinal cord and ventricles of brain - produce and monitor cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
35
Microglia
- type of neuroglia - smallest and least numerous neuroglia - fine-branched processes - clean up cellular debris, wastes, and pathogens
36
Satellite cells
- PNS - surround ganglia - regulate interstitial fluid around neurons
37
Schwann cells
- PNS - form myelin sheath around axons - mylinating schwann cell sheaths only one axon
38
Resting membrane potential
membrane potential of a resting cell
39
Graded potential
- temporary change; change caused by stimulus
40
Action potential
- electrical impulse - produced by graded potential
41
Extracellular fluid
- contains high concentrations of Na+ and Cl-
42
Intracellular fluid (cytosol)
- contains high concentrations of K+ and negatively charged proteins
43
Chemical gradients
- concentration gradients of ions Na+ and K+
44
Electrical gradients
- charges are serperated by cell membrane - cytosol is negative relative to extracellular fluid
45
electrochemical gradient
- sum of chemical and electrical forces action on an ion across the membrane
46
Equilibrium potential
- membrane potential at which there is no net movement of a particular ion across cell membrane - K+ = -90mV - Na+ = +66mV - Na+ has a small effect on resting potential
47
Sodium-potassium exchange pump
- powered by ATP - ejects 3 Na+ for every 2 K+ brought in - balances passive forces of diffusion - stabilizes resting membrane potential (-70mV)
48
When does membrane potential change?
in response to temporary changes in membrane permeability
49
Passive ion channels (leak channels)
- are always open - permeability changes with conditions
50
Active ion channels (gated ion channels)
- open and close in response to stimuli - at resting , most are closed
51
Chemically gated ion channels
- also called ligand-gated channels - open when they bind specific chemicals ex: ACh - Found on cell body and dendrites of neurons
52
Mechanically gated ion channels
- respond to membrane distortion - found in sensory receptors that respond to touch, pressure, or vibration - when you touch something, you distort it
53
Voltage gated ion channels
- respond to changes in membrane potential - found in axons and cardiac muscle cells - open- (activated) - closed- but capable of opening - closed and incapable of opening (inactivated)
54
If a resting membrane is exposed to a chemical, what happens?? - 3 steps
- chemically gated Na+ channels open - sodium ions enter the cell - membrane potential rises
55
Repolarization
- when stimulus is removed, membrane potential returns to normal
56
Hyperpolarization
- results from opening potassium ion channels - positive ions move out of, not into cell - opposite effect of opening sodium ion channels - increases negativity of resting potential
57
What is the threshold for axon??
- -60 to -55mV
58
Generation of action potentials- steps
1. Depolarization to threshold 2. activation of voltage-gated Na+ channels - Na+ rushes into cytosol - inner membrane surface changes from negative to positive 3. Inactivation of Na+ channels and activation of K+ channels - at +30mV, inactivation gates of Na+ channels CLOSE - K+ moves OUT of cytosol - repolarization begins = back to normal 4. return to resting membrane potential (-70mV)
59
Refractory period
- don’t bother me , i’m busy - during this period, membrane will not respond normally to stimuli

A&P 1 (1 decks)

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