Irish Nationalism - Breath 1 Flashcards
(146 cards)
1
Q
What did the penal laws do
A
restricted catholics political rights
2
Q
who is the lord lieutenant and what did he do
A
the cheif representative of the British monarch in Ireland and any political decisions that were discussed in Ireland had to be agreed by him before they were passed into law
3
Q
why did the American revolution have an effect on Ireland
A
-there was a shared experience of subjugation under British power
-a large number of Irish men and women had emigrated to America
and when Ireland watched the events unravel in America in emphasised the success that could be had but also the notions of republicanism
4
Q
what did the revolution do for Ireland in terms of impact
A
-encouraged the growth of a more nationalist perspective
-increased militarisation of the country as many protestant supporters of Britain sought to defend the country
5
Q
why did the French Revolution increase growing militia in 1793
A
Britain had emptied Ireland of troops to help in its revolutionary government war against France there was a fear that French and Spanish rivals might see this as a way to invade the country
6
Q
what group formed in 1778
A
Irish volunteers
7
Q
How many well trained volunteers were there by 1782
A
60,000
8
Q
what were the aims, what did they do and how successful were they
A
aims
-greater legislative independence
what did they do
-Henry Grattan gave speeches that demanded Ireland were an independent nation under the crown
-these proposals were always blocked by the use of patronage in parliament
-February 1782 the volunteers held a meeting in Dungannon where the passed resolutions demanding legislative independence
success
-constitution of 1782 repealed the 1720 act and reduced Britains control over legislation to the right of a veto and the government granted an annual mutiny act
the success of the volunteers was ultimately down to the timing
of their resolutions (was passed during Britains poor time with America) and therefore Britain was more vulnerable
However the reality of the constitution meant that the British were able to exert considerable power over Irish affairs through the lord lieutenant
9
Q
what was the mutiny act
A
acts the governed the actions of the army and gave the Irish parliament authority to punish soldiers who refused orders
10
Q
what is patronage
A
the practice of controlling appointments and granting privelidges for the purposes of influence
11
Q
when was the volunteers second convention, who lead it and was it successful
A
10 November 1783
led by Henry flood
flood wanted a more representative parliament which better reflected public opinion
parliament refused their reform plans and this idea that the volunteers were a movement for political reform gradually diminished
12
Q
when was the third volunteers convention and was it successful
A
1784
only drew a handful of delegates and very little public interest
13
Q
how did the French rev impact Ireland
A
the promotion of republican values in such a violent manner sent shockwaves through Ireland
14
Q
what sparked the growth of the united irishmen
A
young men becoming disillusioned by the continued dominance over Irish affairs
15
Q
what were the aims of the united irishmen
A
-greater political autonomy
-a union between both catholic and protestant radicals
16
Q
who headed the ideas of the united irishmen and how did he do it
A
Theobald Wolf Tone
- he wrote a pamphlet ‘An argument of behalf of the Catholics of Ireland’ in 1791 which presented a reformed Irish parliament without the influence of the British crown
17
Q
when and where was the first society of united irishmen
A
Belfast on the 14th of October 1791
18
Q
what were the demands set out in the united irishmen manifesto and when was it
A
1794
-every man should have the vote
-ireland to be divided into 300 parliamentary constituencies equal in population
19
Q
what else did the united irishmen consider to be important
A
catholic emancipation
20
Q
how did the united irishmen initially go about achieving their reforms
A
using public opinion to persuade the authorities to institute change however this did not work due to the outbreak of war in France
21
Q
what was bantry bay and why did it fail
A
-tone had negotiated a deal with France whereby 14,000 men attempted to ;and in pantry bay to eject the continuing British occupation however poor wether prevented them from landing
22
Q
how many united irishmen were there by 1797
A
200,000
23
Q
when was the uprising by the united irishmen and who co ordinated it and what were the aims
A
may 1798 and was co ordinated by Tone who aimed to sever irelands connection with Britain to achieve an independent state
24
Q
why was the uprising of 1798 not successful
A
-they had 15,000 fighting men however it was poorly coordinated
-this meant that important towns such as Dublin and Belfast could not be taken
-britain had 20,000 soldiers and this led to a victory at vinegar hill in June
-there was also no immediate French support as the French had targeted Egypt as their main overseas priority and when the french did land in Ireland there was only 1100 men and so the rebellion did not really ignite
25
was the 1798 uprising significant
it attempted to secure greater independence from Britain however drew the country closer to Britain as it made Britain aware that Ireland need to be properly administered
26
what act did the 1798 uprising
1801 act of union
27
what is a tithe
a tax of ten percent on produce or earning that was given to the church
28
when was the church of Ireland established
1536
29
what did the establishment of the church of Ireland mean for catholics
meant that catholics had to pay a tithe to the new protestant church despite not having anything to do with it
30
what did the tithe composition act do
extended the tithe assessment to pasture land as well as tillage land
and made the tax a general charge that became payable twice a year
31
where and when did the tithe wars begin
Kilkenny in October 1830
32
why did the tithe wars begin
it followed a period of agricultural depression that meant farmers were getting less money and then the added resented tithe on top of this sparked discontent
33
what did they do in the tithe wars
throughout Ireland farmers refused to pay the tithe and by 1833 22 counties had not paid the tithe and this amounted to 1 million pounds that had not been paid
34
what were the tactics of the tithe wars
-gain support from the Catholic Church which they achieved and Archbishop MacHale showed support
-a passive protest as this means you get a larger number of participants
35
was there any violence due to the tithe wars
yes as police and local yeomanry seized a property in the absence of payment this resulted in several violent outbursts such as in Newtownbarry in 1831 14 resisting farmers were killed by local yeomanry
36
how were the Irish population able to humiliate the government
when seized stock from people who refused to pay tithe payments was put in an auction the sales would be abandoned as people would bid absurdly large amounts that they could not afford so the auctions all failed
37
what did the clergy relief act do and when was it set up
1832 and provided loans from public money to support members of the clergy after the tithe payment was not longer enforced
38
how did the tithe wars end
after June 1833 the government abandoned the use of force to extract tithe payments as it was alienating the rural population
the tithe rent charge act was set up in 1838 which made the tithe payment only payable by landlords
39
when was the repeal association founded and who by
1840 by Daniel O'Connell
40
what professions did O'connell do
he was a barrister and an MP for county Clare
41
what was the aim of the repeal association
to repeal the act of union
42
how did O' Conell attempt to raise funds for the organisation
through a repeal rent which was a subscription top the organisation
43
why was there need to raise funds for the organisation
if a group was well financed it had more chance of putting greater pressure on on Westminster
44
what was o'connells idea of how to put pressure on Westminster
monster meetings
45
how did oconell know that monster meetings would be successful
he had used them for great effect during the his campaign for catholic emancipation
46
were the monster meetings successful
in 1843 more than 40 meetings took place and several were attended by between 100,000 and 500,000 people
47
why were the numbers that attended the monster meetings so important and how many attended the meeting in tara
in tara there were 750,000 people present and oconell knew that these numbers were impossible for the British government to ignore
48
why did the repeal association fail
the British saw how the country was rapidly exploding due to the industrial revolution and they would go to any necessary lengths to prevent repeal
49
what did the British do on 8th of October 1843
banned a meeting of the repeal association that was supposed to be held in Clontarf hours before it was supposed to take place
50
what did the cancelling of the meeting in Clontarf mean for the repeal association
Oconnell wanted to remain lawful and did not go ahead with it
this undermined the movements basic principle and therefore it lost much of its credibility
51
Who was Young Ireland set up by
Thomas Davis - protestant barrister
Charles Gavin Duffy - catholic journalist
John Mitchel - unitarian solicitor
51
how did young Ireland differs to the repeal association
-had a broader set of ideas about Irish nationalism
-offered a more complete platform for opposing British rule
-wanted to achieve through any means necessary
52
what were the aims of young Ireland
complete separation from Britain first through political persuasion and then by physical force if necessary
53
what was the older generations view of young Ireland
its ideas were too hot headed and naive
54
why was young Ireland originally created
as a competitor to the repeal association
55
why did young Ireland not have complete support
-many joined through simple disaffection with the failed repeal movement
-its open minded ideas towards religion did not win much support in the catholic clergy
56
how did the lack of support for young Ireland effect the movement
-the movement could not build up enough of a support base for people to act
-it created deep divisions within leadership Duffy and Obrien favoured parliamentary pressure whereas Mitchel and Lalor favoured a more radical approach
57
when was young irelands rebellion
1848
58
short timeline of 1848 rebellion
-Mitchel arrested for sedition in may
-young Ireland made arrangements for an uprising in the early Sumer
--spies exposed the plans
-british government put 10,000 troops into Ireland
-gov suspended habeas corpus on jury 1848
-young Ireland moved from Dublin to Kilkenny in the hope of raising troops in the farming community
-small encounters with British troops in Killenaule on the 28th of July and Ballingarry on 29th July
-the battle of ballingarry was a small standoff between rebels and police officers, two rebels were killed and other rebels broke rank and fled after the arriving support of police
-obrien was arrested and sent to Tasmania in 1849
59
even though young Ireland were not successful what did they achieve
- a more romantic sense of Irish nationalism
60
who was James Stephens
someone who fought in the battle of ballingarry but escaped and fled to Paris where he became involved in underground revolutionary movements and this inspired him on how to further oppose British rule
61
who established the IRB and when was it set up
stephens on 17th march 1858
62
how did the IRB differ to other revolutionary groups
-sought to create an Irish republic rather than to just repeal the union
-primarily made up of working men
-decisively in favour of aggressive revolutionary methods
63
how did the IRB secure its secrecy
-oath swearing
-cell system to prevent the infiltration of spies
64
what were the IRB more commonly known as
fenians
65
what was one of the strategies that was adopted by Stephens
to take advantage of foreign war, if the British were distracted with war it left an opportunity for the IRB
66
why was the mutiny in India significant for the IRB
it presented hope for rebellion however the group was not big enough yet so decided to take advantage of this opportunity
67
how many IRB members were there by 1864
80,000
68
how were so many members of the IRB recruited
the death of Terrance McManus who was part of the 1848 uprising but escaped and Feld to America where he died. The American IRB wanted to ship McManus back for a funeral however the British and the church were against this idea and despite this 50,000 people followed his coffin through the streets of Dublin
69
short timeline of the fenian rising
-there was a planned uprising in 1865 however it was postponed because of a failure to get firearms with only 6000 firearms for 50000 men
-In march 1867 a rising was staged after Stephens was arrested he escaped but was forced to leave the country and could not be part of the attempt
-without Stephens the organisational skills were poor in Dublin there were only 1500 weapons including pikes which were not sufficient
-stephens replacement Francis millet said to adopt guriella warfare tactics
-by April 1867 more than 200 IRB prisoners were taken and order was restored
70
what happened in the days after the fenian rising
kelly and easy travelled to Britain
on the 11th of sep they were arrested for vagrancy after being found asleep in Manchester park
IRB effected a rescue mission however a policeman was shot and was the first Manchester police man to be killed on duty
71
what effect did the arrest of Kelly and easy have
-irishmen targeted in Manchester more than 26 arrested
-three were found guilty and and sentenced to hanging
-they were executed in November 1867 and to prevent a rescue attempt 2500 police officers surrounded the prison
72
did the executions offer any value to the IRB
the executed became martyrs which offered propaganda values and a harder attitude towards the British gov
73
what did Issac butt want
home rule
74
what did butt first establish and when
Home government association in 1870
75
when did the home government association become the home rule league
1873
76
how many seats did the home rule league win when the contested the 1874 general election
60 out of the 101
77
how successful was butt at persuading parliament that Ireland should have home rule
not well, none of Britains serious parties took him seriously
this caused growing aggravation within his own party as they felt that direct obstruction would be a better way
78
why did butt not want to directly obstruct parliament
he deemed it ungentlemanly however he recognised his own tactics were failing and knew this was the only option
79
who became more increasingly demanding of political change under butt
Joseph Biggar as he was a catholic who had been most affected under British rule
80
why was Parnell so popular
-he was young
-lots of charisma
-favoured more radical obstructionist views
81
when did Parnell assume the leadership of the home rule league
1880
82
when was the home rule league renamed and what too
1882 to the Irish parliamentary party
83
what was parnell's tactics in parliament
a pledge that that had to act and vote as parnell told them to
84
how did the pledge help parnell
it gave parnell substantial influence in parliament
85
how many of the seats reserved for Ireland were taken by the IPP after 1885
86 out of the 103
86
when was Gladstone's first home rule bill introduced
April 1886
87
what was the nationalist response to Gladstone's first home rule bill
it was not enough and too far short of what was demanded
88
what did the first home rule bill grant
a new parliament - to be called an assembly
however Britain would retain control over defence, foreign affairs and coinage
89
what was parcels reaction to the first home rule bill
he recognised the limitations but saw it would be a significant change and asked his party to vote in favour of it
90
why was the first home rule bill not passed
Irish unionists, conservatives and liberal MPs vigorously opposed it and blocked the bill in June 1886
91
what was the result of the vote on the home rule bill
311 in favour - 341 opposed
92
why can the failure to pass the home rule bill be seen somewhat as an achievement for Ireland
225 liberals had committed to the proposition so the Irish had one significant support from one of British largest parties
93
what did the threat of home rule revive for protestants
the orange order
94
what did the orange order instrument the growth of
the ulster unionist party
95
short timeline of the Phoenix park letters
-April 1887 the times published letters incriminating parnell of the murder of lord Cavendish and Thomas burke in Phoenix park in may 1882
-the letters were exposed of forgeries created by Richard Piggot
-upon his re entry to parliament in 1890 parnell was given a standing ovation
96
short time line of parnells affair
-December 1889 William o'shea filed for divorce from his wife claiming adultery with parnell
-it was discovered parnell was the father of 3 out of 4 of her children
-this split the IPP due to different people religious stance on the matter
-parnell received condemnation from the church as being the reason for a divorce
-parnell refused to give up the leadership which caused bitterness
-he died on the 6th of October 1891
97
what two groups inspired more assertive nationalism after failure of the home rule bills
The Gaelic athletic association 1884
Gaelic league 1893
98
why were the protestant community so afraid of home rule
they thought it would mean 'Rome Rule' essentially implying that a Dublin parliament would would force catholicism on the country
99
when was the ulster unionist party established
1886
100
after 1910 who was the leader of the ulster unionist party
Edward Carson
101
what percentage of the population were protestants in Ulster after 1910
60%
102
who had more strength in parliament the IPP or the unionists
IPP
103
why was the ulster covenant created
to stir up public sentiment against home rule
104
when was the ulster covenant released and what was it
28th September 1912
a document that declared its opposition to home rule and their willingness to use all means necessary
105
how many ulster men signed the ulster covenant
471, 414
106
what did the day that the covenant was signed become
ulster day
107
what was formed in January 1913 and why
militia to defend the province
108
what were the militia known as and how many of them were there
the UVF more than 90,000
109
what type of group was the UVF
a paramilitary group
110
brief timeline of the curragh incident
-march 1914 after the the third home rule bill looked set to pass
-the British gov contemplated the military ideas
-the prospect of armed confrontation in ulster was likely after the passing of the bill
-british army officers garrisoned at curragh and throated to resign their commissions rather than be used to coerce unionists
111
why was the curragh incident so significant
-highlighted the depth of feeling towards unionists (even the loyalist soldiers)
-gave unionists greater confidence to challenge legislation
-increased confidence in Carson and the party following the incident
112
What is the Larne Gun-running incident
In April 1914 the UVF took possession of 25,000 rifles and 3 million rounds of ammunition that were shipped in from Germany
113
what did nationalists do following the Larne Gun-running incident
they sought to reinforce its own paramilitary organisation the Irish volunteers
114
when was the third home rule bill passed
September 1914
115
when was Sinn Fein created
1905
116
what was sinn feins main idea
to be independant of British rule but share a monarch figure head
117
why were younger nationalists attracted to Sinn Fein
offered a more direct approach and felt that it could yield greater reward than the IPP had
118
brief timeline of the planning of easter rising
-following postponement of HRB the IRB met and and agreed that a rising should take place before the end of the war to take advantage of help from Germany and Britains vulnerable position
-these preparations were given to a small council in may 1915 including Joseph Plunkett, Sean MacDermott and Thomas Clarke
-they eventually settled on easter week 1916
-british gov were aware of uprising after intercepting radio coms between Germany and IRB
119
brief timeline of the events during the easter rising
-took place on the 24th of April 1916
-1000 volunteers and 200 Irish citizen army
-they seized prominent buildings around Dublin such as the General Post office
-issued a proclamation of independence that declared Ireland to be a republic under the administration of nationalist provisional gov
-britain responded quickly and by the 29th the rising was over
-64 rebels, 132 British personnel and 200 civilians had been killed
120
what was the British Govs response to the easter rising
90 men were condemned to death and 15 were actually executed including Plunkett, Clarke and MacDermott
121
how many seats out of the possible 105 did the IPP, unionists and Sinn Fein win in the 1918 general election
IPP - 6
Unionists - 26
Sinn Fein - 73
122
what did the exceutions do to nationalists beliefs
alienated Irish people and made nationalists even more hardened to the cause
123
what was the new parliament that Sinn Fein organised itself into called and what was their main policy
Dail Eireann
the policy of obstructionism
124
what did sinn Fein's policy of obstructionism entail
-ignoring westminister
-acting as if they were an independent state
125
what was the British response to the Dail
they sent in troops in 1919 to break up parliament and assert authority there and this became known by nationalists as the War one Independence
126
What did the Irish volunteers change their name to in 1918
Irish Republican Army
127
Brief timeline of the War on Independence
-The IRA killed two police officers in Soloheadbeg on the 21st January 1919
-This encouraged the deployment of British troops
-the IRA employed guerrilla warfare which played to their strengths
-In Dublin a special squad was created by Micheal collins to deliberately target and kill detectives in the city police force
-the coldbloodness of this special squad led to aggressive tactics including house searches which damaged property and interrogation
-very quickly it was established that the Royal Irish Constabulary could not contain IRA attacks
-2 new auxiliary forces were sent in 1920 know as the auxiliaries and the black and tans
-the Black and Tans were poorly disciplined and committed acts of violence against the Irish population in response to IRA attacks
128
brief timeline of Bloody Sunday
-On the 21st November 1920 Micheal collins and his squad assassinated 14 undercover British army officers
-In response to this on the same day the Black and Tans drove an armoured car into the sports field during a match and fired their weapons into the crowd killing 14 people
-28 people died on that day and it was named Bloody Sunday
129
how many people had lost their lives by summer 1921
405 policemen
150 military
750 IRA members and civilians
130
when was the truce agreed and why
public opinion demanded a truce
and was agreed in July 1921 and a treaty was agreed in December 1921
131
After the war why did the home rule act cause difficulty
-liberals had agreed the act with the IPP and this was now small and majority of their votes were going to the unionists or Sinn Fein
however Sinn Fein had abandoned Westminster and established its own parliament in Dublin
132
who was chosen to arrange the format of Home rule
Walter Long
133
how did Walter long choose to arrange home rule
if home rule had to be granted it was on the basis of two separate parliments one for the south and one for the north
134
was Walter longs ideas successful
on 23rd December 1920 it passed a vote and became law as the government of Ireland Act
135
why did unionists vote against the bill
they felt that ulster to remain part of Britain was a poor compromise
136
why is it thought that the act was to late
Ireland had now overtaken the issue of home rule
137
when was the anglo Irish treaty agreed and what was its terms
6th december 1921 (agreed not passed)
-conceded dominion status to the 26 counties in the south
-fiscal autonomy
138
why were nationalists disappointed with the anglo Irish treaty
-it didn't not grant them the independence they sought after
however when fiscal autonomy was granted they felt the deal was good one
139
why were Sinn Fein leaders against the treaty
it contained an oath of allegiance which subordinated Ireland to Britain
140
how much was the treaty ratified by
64 to 57
141
when was the treaty formally accepted
7th January 1922
142
what was the IRAs opinion on the treaty
unhappy
143
what did the IRA do about the treaty
six months after the legislation was signed the IRA organised themselves into an anti-treaty armed force that would overthrow the new gov
144
when did civil war officially begin
28th June 1922
145
