Irregular Verbs Flashcards
1
Q
befehlen
bəˈfeːlən
A
to command Vowel change: befielh Preterite: befahl // befähle/beföhle Past participle: befohlen Auxiliary: haben - Note: "fehlen" is a regular verb.
2
Q
beginnen
bəˈɡɪnən
A
to begin
Preterite: begann // begänne/begönne
Past participle: begonnen
Auxiliary: haben
3
Q
beißen
ˈbaisn
A
to bite
Preterite: biss
Past participle: gebissen
Auxiliary: haben
4
Q
bergen
ˈbɛrɡn
A
to save, rescue, recover (eg corpse), salvage Vowel change: birg Preterite: barg Past participle: geborgen Auxiliary: haben
5
Q
bersten
ˈbɛrstn
A
Formal: to crack, break, burst Vowel change: birst^^ Preterite: barst Past participle: geborsten Auxiliary: sein
6
Q
bewegen
bəˈveːɡn
A
to induce (sb to do sth), persuade Preterite: bewog Past participle: bewogen Auxiliary: haben - Also a regular verb meaning "move".
7
Q
biegen
ˈbiːɡn
A
to bend; turn, curve Preterite: bog Past participle: gebogen Auxiliary: haben or sein - Takes "sein" when used to mean "turn, curve", takes "haben" with other meanings.
8
Q
bieten
ˈbiːtn
A
to offer, bid Preterite: bot Past participle: geboten Auxiliary: haben Prepositions: auf = bid on/for (acc.)
9
Q
binden
ˈbɪndn
A
to tie, bind
Preterite: band
Past participle: gebunden
Auxiliary: haben
10
Q
bitten
ˈbɪtn
A
to request, beg
Preterite: bat
Past participle: gebeten
Auxiliary: haben
11
Q
blasen
ˈblaːzn
A
to blow Umlaut change: bläs Preterite: blies Past participle: geblasen Auxiliary: haben
12
Q
bleiben
ˈblaibn
A
to stay, remain
Preterite: blieb
Past participle: geblieben
Auxiliary: sein
13
Q
braten
ˈbraːtn
A
to roast, bake, fry Umlaut change: brät^ Preterite: briet Past participle: gebraten Auxiliary: haben
14
Q
brechen
ˈbrɛçn
A
to break Vowel change: brich Preterite: brach Past participle: gebrochen Auxiliary: haben (t) or sein (i)
15
Q
dreschen
ˈdrɛʃn
A
to thresh; thrash (inf.) Vowel change: drisch Preterite: drosch Past participle: gedroschen Auxiliary: haben
16
Q
dringen
ˈdrɪŋən
A
to penetrate; insist
Preterite: drang
Past participle: gedrungen
Auxiliary: haben or sein
Prepositions: an/in = get through to (acc.); auf = insist on (acc.)
- Takes “haben” when used to mean “insist”, takes “sein” with other meanings.
17
Q
empfehlen
ɛmˈpfeːlən
A
to recommend Vowel change: empfiehl Preterite: empfahl // empfähle/empföhle Past participle: empfohlen Auxiliary: haben - Note: "fehlen" is a regular verb.
18
Q
erklimmen
ɛɐˈklɪmən
A
to scale, climb (elev.)
Preterite: erklomm
Past participle: erklommen
Auxiliary: haben
19
Q
erlöschen
ɛɐˈlœʃn
A
to go out (eg fire); expire Vowel change: erlisch Preterite: erlosch Past participle: erloschen Auxiliary: sein
20
Q
erschrecken
ɛɐˈʃrɛkn
A
to be frightened, startled Vowel change: erschrick Preterite: erschrak Past participle: erschrocken Auxiliary: sein Prepositions: bei = by
21
Q
erwägen
ɛɐˈvɛːɡn
A
to consider
Preterite: erwog
Past participle: erwogen
Auxiliary: haben
22
Q
essen
ˈɛsn
A
to eat (of humans) Vowel change: iss Preterite: aß Past participle: gegessen Auxiliary: haben
23
Q
fahren
ˈfaːrən
A
to go (by vehicle); drive/ride (vehicles)
Umlaut change: fähr
Preterite: fuhr
Past participle: gefahren
Auxiliary: sein or haben
- Takes “haben” when used to mean “drive/ride (a vehicle)” and certain other meanings.
24
Q
fallen
ˈfalən
A
to fall, drop Umlaut change: fäll Preterite: fiel Past participle: gefallen Auxiliary: sein
25
fangen
| ˈfaŋən
```
to catch
Umlaut change: fäng
Preterite: fing
Past participle: gefangen
Auxiliary: haben
```
26
fechten
| ˈfɛçtn
```
to fence (of sport)
Vowel change: ficht^
Preterite: focht
Past participle: gefochten
Auxiliary: haben
```
27
finden
| ˈfɪndn
to find
Preterite: fand
Past participle: gefunden
Auxiliary: haben
28
flechten
| ˈflɛçtn
```
to plait, braid
Vowel change: flicht^
Preterite: flocht
Past participle: geflochten
Auxiliary: haben
```
29
fliegen
| ˈfliːɡn
to fly
Preterite: flog
Past participle: geflogen
Auxiliary: haben (t) or sein (i)
30
fliehen
| ˈfliːən
```
to flee
Preterite: floh
Past participle: geflohen
Auxiliary: haben (t) or sein (i)
Prepositions: vor = from
```
31
fließen
| ˈfliːsn
to flow
Preterite: floss
Past participle: geflossen
Auxiliary: sein
32
frieren
| ˈfriːrən
```
to be cold; freeze
Preterite: fror
Past participle: gefroren
Auxiliary: haben or sein
- Takes "haben" when used to mean "be cold" or "freeze (impers.)", takes "sein" when used to mean "freeze (i)".
```
33
gären
| ˈɡɛːrən
```
to ferment
Preterite: gor
Past participle: gegoren
Auxiliary: haben (t/i) or sein (i)
- Regular when used figuratively, irregular when used literally.
```
34
gebären
| ɡəˈbɛːrən
```
to give birth
Vowel change*: gebier
Preterite: gebar
Past participle: geboren
Auxiliary: haben
*Vowel change when elevated.
```
35
geben
| ˈɡeːbn
```
to give
Vowel change: gib
Preterite: gab
Past participle: gegeben
Auxiliary: haben
```
36
gedeihen
| ɡəˈdaiən
to thrive
Preterite: gedieh
Past participle: gediehen
Auxiliary: sein
37
gehen
| ˈɡeːən
to go, go (by foot), walk
Preterite: ging
Past participle: gegangen
Auxiliary: sein
38
gelingen
| ɡəˈlɪŋən
to succeed (imp.)
Preterite: gelang
Past participle: gelungen
Auxiliary: sein
39
gelten
| ˈɡɛltn
```
to be valid; be worth
Vowel change: gilt^
Preterite: galt // gälte/gölte
Past participle: gegolten
Auxiliary: haben
```
40
genesen
| ɡəˈneːzn
to convalesce
Preterite: genas
Past participle: genesen
Auxiliary: sein
41
genießen
| ɡəˈniːsn
to enjoy
Preterite: genoss
Past participle: genossen
Auxiliary: haben
42
geschehen
| ɡəˈʃeːən
```
to happen
Vowel change: geschieh
Preterite: geschah
Past participle: geschehen
Auxiliary: sein
- Doesn't have 1st person, 2nd person or imperative forms.
```
43
gewinnen
| ɡəˈvɪnən
to win, gain
Preterite: gewann
Past participle: gewonnen
Auxiliary: haben
44
gießen
| ˈɡiːsn
to pour
Preterite: goss
Past participle: gegossen
Auxiliary: haben
45
gleichen
| ˈɡlaiçn
to resemble
Preterite: glich
Past participle: geglichen
Auxiliary: haben
46
gleiten
| ˈɡlaitn
```
to glide, slide
Preterite: glitt
Past participle: geglitten
Auxiliary: sein
- Note: "begleiten" is a regular verb.
```
47
glimmen
| ˈɡlɪmən
```
to glow, smoulder
Preterite: glomm
Past participle: geglommen
Auxiliary: haben
- Either regular (rare) or irregular.
```
48
graben
| ˈɡraːbn
```
to dig
Umlaut change: gräb
Preterite: grub
Past participle: gegraben
Auxiliary: haben
```
49
greifen
| ˈɡraifn
to grasp
Preterite: griff
Past participle: gegriffen
Auxiliary: haben
50
halten
| ˈhaltn
```
to hold
Umlaut change: hält^
Preterite: hielt
Past participle: gehalten
Auxiliary: haben
- Note: "beinhalten" is a regular verb.
```
51
hängen
| ˈhɛŋən
```
to hang
Preterite: hing
Past participle: gehangen
Auxiliary: haben
- Regular when transitive, either regular or irregular when intransitive.
```
52
heben
| ˈheːbn
to lift, raise
Preterite: hob
Past participle: gehoben
Auxiliary: haben
53
heißen
| ˈhaisn
to call (of names)
Preterite: hieß
Past participle: geheißen
Auxiliary: haben
54
helfen
| ˈhɛlfn
```
to help
Vowel change: hilf
Preterite: half // hälfe/hülfe
Past participle: geholfen
Auxiliary: haben
```
55
klingen
| ˈklɪŋən
to sound, ring/clink/clang (bell/glass/metal)
Preterite: klang
Past participle: geklungen
Auxiliary: haben
56
kneifen
| ˈknaifn
to pinch
Preterite: kniff
Past participle: kniffen
Auxiliary: haben
57
kommen
| ˈkɔmən
to come
Preterite: kam
Past participle: gekommen
Auxiliary: sein
58
kriechen
| ˈkriːçn
to creep, crawl
Preterite: kroch
Past participle: gekrochen
Auxiliary: sein
59
laden
| ˈlaːdn
```
to load
Umlaut change: läd
Preterite: lud
Past participle: geladen
Auxiliary: haben
```
60
lassen
| ˈlasn
```
to let, allow; stop (ie cease), leave (sb/sth alone)
Umlaut change: läss
Preterite: ließ
Past participle: gelassen
Auxiliary: haben
```
61
laufen
| ˈlaufn
```
to run, walk
Umlaut change: läuf
Preterite: lief
Past participle: gelaufen
Auxiliary: sein*
*Takes either "haben" or "sein" when used to mean "run/set (a time/record)".
```
62
leiden
| ˈlaidn
```
to suffer
Preterite: litt
Past participle: gelitten
Auxiliary: haben
Prepositions: an/unter = from (dat.)
- Note: "verleiden" is a regular verb.
```
63
leihen
| ˈlaiən
to lend, loan; borrow, hire
Preterite: lieh
Past participle: geliehen
Auxiliary: haben
64
lesen
| ˈleːzn
```
to read
Vowel change: lies
Preterite: las
Past participle: gelesen
Auxiliary: haben
```
65
liegen
| ˈliːɡn
```
to lie (of position)
Preterite: lag
Past participle: gelegen
Auxiliary: haben or sein
- Takes "sein" in Southern Germany.
```
66
lügen
| ˈlyːɡn
to lie (of falsehoods)
Preterite: log
Past participle: gelögen
Auxiliary: haben
67
meiden
| ˈmaidn
to avoid
Preterite: mied
Past participle: gemieden
Auxiliary: haben
68
messen
| ˈmɛsn
```
to measure
Vowel change: miss
Preterite: maß
Past participle: gemessen
Auxiliary: haben
```
69
misslingen
| mɪsˈlɪŋən
to fail
Preterite: misslang
Past participle: misslungen
Auxiliary: sein
70
nehmen
| ˈneːmən
```
to take
Vowel change: nimm
Preterite: nahm
Past participle: genommen
Auxiliary: haben
```
71
pfeifen
| ˈpfaifn
to whistle
Preterite: pfiff
Past participle: gepfiffen
Auxiliary: haben
72
preisen
| ˈpraizn
Elevated: to extol, praise
Preterite: pries
Past participle: gepriesen
Auxiliary: haben
73
quellen
| ˈkvɛlən
```
to pour, gush; swell
Vowel change: quill
Preterite: quoll
Past participle: gequollen
Auxiliary: sein
- Regular when used to mean "soak" (rare).
```
74
raten
| ˈraːtn
```
to advise; guess
Umlaut change: rät^
Preterite: riet
Past participle: geraten
Auxiliary: haben
```
75
reiben
| ˈraibn
to rub
Preterite: rieb
Past participle: gerieben
Auxiliary: haben
76
reißen
| ˈraisn
```
to tear, rip
Preterite: riss
Past participle: gerissen
Auxiliary: haben or sein
Prepositions: an = at
- Takes "sein" when used to mean "tear/rip (i)".
```
77
reiten
| ˈraitn
```
to ride (of animals)
Preterite: ritt
Past participle: geritten
Auxiliary: haben (t) or sein (i)
Prepositions: auf = on (dat.)
```
78
riechen
| ˈriːçn
```
to smell
Preterite: roch
Past participle: gerochen
Auxiliary: haben
Prepositions: nach = of
```
79
ringen
| ˈrɪŋən
```
to wrestle, struggle
Preterite: rang
Past participle: gerungen
Auxiliary: haben
Prepositions: mit = with
```
80
rinnen
| ˈrɪnən
to run (of liquids)
Preterite: rann // ränne/rönne
Past participle: geronnen
Auxiliary: sein
81
rufen
| ˈruːfn
to call (of communication)
Preterite: rief
Past participle: gerufen
Auxiliary: haben
82
saufen
| ˈzaufn
```
to drink (of animals), guzzle (vulg.), drink (alcohol) (inf.)
Umlaut change: säuf
Preterite: soff
Past participle: gesoffen
Auxiliary: haben
```
83
saugen
| ˈzauɡn
```
to suck
Preterite: sog
Past participle: gesogen
Auxiliary: haben
- Either regular or irregular.
```
84
schaffen
| ˈʃafn
```
to create, make
Preterite: schuff
Past participle: geschaffen
Auxiliary: haben
- Regular when used to mean "manage, accomplish", irregular when used to mean "create", either regular or irregular when used to mean "make".
```
85
scheiden
| ˈʃaidn
```
to separate; depart
Preterite: schied
Past participle: geschieden
Auxiliary: haben or sein
Prepositions: von = from
- Takes "haben" when used to mean "separate", takes "sein" when used to mean "depart".
```
86
scheinen
| ˈʃainən
to shine; seem/appear (imp.)
Preterite: schien
Past participle: geschienen
Auxiliary: haben
87
scheißen
| ˈʃaisn
to shit
Preterite: schiss
Past participle: geschissen
Auxiliary: haben
88
schelten
| ˈʃɛltn
```
to scold; curse
Vowel change: schilt^
Preterite: schalt // schölte
Past participle: gescholten
Auxiliary: haben
```
89
scheren
| ˈʃeːrən
```
to shear, clip
Preterite: schor
Past participle: geschoren
Auxiliary: haben
- Regular when used to mean "care (about)", irregular when used to mean "shear, clip".
```
90
schieben
| ˈʃiːbn
to push, shove
Preterite: schob
Past participle: geschoben
Auxiliary: haben
91
schießen
| ˈʃiːsn
```
to shoot
Preterite: schoss
Past participle: geschossen
Auxiliary: haben or sein
- Takes "haben" when referring to projectiles, photography or sport, takes "sein" when referring to liquids spurting, plants sprouting or taking drugs, or when used figuratively.
```
92
schlafen
| ˈʃlaːfn
```
to sleep
Umlaut change: schläf
Preterite: schlief
Past participle: geschlafen
Auxiliary: haben
```
93
schlagen
| ˈʃlaːɡn
```
to hit; beat
Umlaut change: schläg
Preterite: schlug
Past participle: geschlagen
Auxiliary: haben or sein
- Takes "sein" when used to mean "hit (on/against sth)" and with certain other meanings.
```
94
schleichen
| ˈʃlaiçn
to sneak; creep
Preterite: schlich
Past participle: geschlichen
Auxiliary: sein
95
schleifen
| ˈʃlaifn
```
to sharpen, grind (eg lens), sand, cut (eg gem)
Preterite: schliff
Past participle: geschliffen
Auxiliary: haben
- Also a regular verb meaning "drag".
```
96
schließen
| ˈʃliːsn
to close
Preterite: schloss
Past participle: geschlossen
Auxiliary: haben
97
schlingen
| ˈʃlɪŋən
```
to tie, wrap (elev.); gobble, gulp
Preterite: schlang
Past participle: geschlungen
Auxiliary: haben
Prepositions: um = (wrap) around
```
98
schmeißen
| ˈʃmaisn
to chuck, fling, hurl (inf.)
Preterite: schmiss
Past participle: geschmissen
Auxiliary: haben
99
schmelzen
| ˈʃmɛltsn
```
to melt
Vowel change: schmilz
Preterite: schmolz
Past participle: geschmolzen
Auxiliary: haben (t) or sein (i)
```
100
schneiden
| ˈʃnaidn
to cut
Preterite: schnitt
Past participle: geschnitten
Auxiliary: haben
101
schreiben
| ˈʃraibn
to write
Preterite: schrieb
Past participle: geschrieben
Auxiliary: haben
102
schreien
| ˈʃraiən
to shout, cry out, scream
Preterite: schrie
Past participle: geschrien
Auxiliary: haben
103
schreiten
| ˈʃraitn
Elevated: stride, walk (solemnly); strut
Preterite: schritt
Past participle: geschritten
Auxiliary: sein
104
schweigen
| ˈʃvaiɡn
to be silent
Preterite: schwieg
Past participle: schwiegen
Auxiliary: haben
105
schwellen
| ˈʃvɛlən
```
to swell
Vowel change: schwill
Preterite: schwoll
Past participle: geschwollen
Auxiliary: haben (t) or sein (i)
- Regular when transitive, irregular when intransitive.
```
106
schwimmen
| ˈʃvɪmən
```
to swim
Preterite: schwamm // schwämme/schwömme
Past participle: geschwommen
Auxiliary: haben or sein
- Takes either "haben" or "sein" when used to mean "swim" (dial.).
```
107
schwinden
| ˈʃvɪndn
to dwindle, fade
Preterite: schwand
Past participle: schwunden
Auxiliary: sein
108
schwingen(ˈʃvɪŋən)
to swing
Preterite: schwang
Past participle: geschwungen
Auxiliary: haben
109
schwören
| ˈʃvøːrən
to swear (ie vow)
Preterite: schwor // schwöre/schwüre
Past participle: geschworen
Auxiliary: haben
110
sehen
| ˈzeːən
```
to see, look at
Vowel change: sieh
Preterite: sah
Past participle: gesehen
Auxiliary: haben
```
111
sieden
| ˈziːdn
```
to boil
Preterite: sott
Past participle: gesotten
Auxiliary: haben
- Either regular or irregular.
```
112
singen
| ˈzɪŋən
to sing
Preterite: sang
Past participle: gesungen
Auxiliary: haben
113
sinken
| ˈzɪŋkn
to sink
Preterite: sank
Past participle: gesungen
Auxiliary: sein
114
sinnen
| ˈzɪnən
to ponder
Preterite: sann // sänne/sönne
Past participle: gesonnen
Auxiliary: haben
115
sitzen
| ˈzɪtsn
```
to sit
Preterite: saß
Past participle: gesessen
Auxiliary: haben or sein
- Takes "sein" in Southern Germany and Austria.
```
116
speien
| ˈʃpaiən
to spit; spew
Preterite: spie
Past participle: gespien
Auxiliary: haben
117
spinnen
| ˈʃpɪnən
to spin; be crazy (inf.)
Preterite: spann // spänne/spönne
Past participle: gesponnen
Auxiliary: haben
118
sprechen
| ˈʃprɛçn
```
to speak, talk, say
Vowel change: sprich
Preterite: sprach
Past participle: gesprochen
Auxiliary: haben
Prepositions: über/von = about/of (acc.)
```
119
sprießen
| ˈʃpriːsn
to sprout, come up (out of the earth)
Preterite: spross
Past participle: gesprossen
Auxiliary: sein
120
springen
| ˈʃprɪŋən
```
to jump
Preterite: sprang
Past participle: gesprungen
Auxiliary: sein*
*Takes "haben" when used to mean "jump/set (a record)".
```
121
stechen
| ˈʃtɛçn
```
to prick, sting
Vowel change: stich
Preterite: stach (ʃtaːx)
Past participle: gestochen (ɡəˈʃtɔxn)
Auxiliary: haben
```
122
stehen
| ˈʃteːən
```
to stand
Preterite: stand // stände/stünde
Past participle: gestanden
Auxiliary: haben or sein
- Takes "sein" in Southern Germany and Austria.
```
123
stehlen
| ˈʃteːlən
```
to steal
Vowel change: stiehl
Preterite: stahl // stähle/stöhle
Past participle: gestohlen
Auxiliary: haben
```
124
steigen
| ˈʃtaiɡn
to climb
Preterite: stieg
Past participle: gestiegen
Auxiliary: sein
125
sterben
| ˈʃtɛrbn
```
to die
Vowel change: stirb
Preterite: starb // stürbe
Past participle: gestorben
Auxiliary: sein
```
126
stinken
| ˈʃtɪŋkn
```
to stink
Preterite: stank
Past participle: gestunken
Auxiliary: haben
Prepositions: nach = of
```
127
stoßen
| ˈʃtoːsn
```
to push, shove
Umlaut change: stöß
Preterite: stieß
Past participle: gestoßen
Auxiliary: haben*
*Takes "sein" when used to mean "run/bump (into)".
```
128
streichen
| ˈʃtraiçn
to stroke, spread, paint; cross out, delete, cancel
Preterite: strich
Past participle: gestrichen
Auxiliary: haben or sein
- Takes "sein" with certain intransitive meanings.
129
streiten
| ˈʃtraitn
```
to argue, quarrel
Preterite: stritt
Past participle: gestritten
Auxiliary: haben
Prepositions: um/über = about/over (acc.)
```
130
tragen
| ˈtraɡn
```
to carry; wear
Umlaut change: träg
Preterite: trug
Past participle: getragen
Auxiliary: haben
- Note: "beantragen" and "beauftragen" are regular verbs.
```
131
treffen
| ˈtrɛfn
```
to hit (a target); meet
Vowel change: triff
Preterite: traf
Past participle: getroffen
Auxiliary: haben
```
132
treiben
| ˈtraibn
```
to drive (ie impel)
Preterite: trieb
Past participle: trieben
Auxiliary: haben or sein
- Takes "sein" when used to mean "drift", takes "haben" with other meanings.
```
133
treten
| ˈtreːtn
```
to kick; step
Vowel change: tritt^
Preterite: trat
Past participle: getreten
Auxiliary: haben or sein
- Takes "sein" when used to mean "step (movement, fig.)", "emerge, appear" or "start/begin", takes "sein" or "haben" when used to mean "step (on/in sth)" or "pedal, use a pedal (eg car)", takes "haben" with other meanings.
```
134
trinken
| ˈtrɪŋkn
to drink
Preterite: trank
Past participle: getrunken
Auxiliary: haben
135
trügen
| ˈtryːɡn
to deceive
Preterite: trog
Past participle: getrogen
Auxiliary: haben
136
tun
| tuːn
to do
Preterite: tat
Past participle: getan
Auxiliary: haben
137
verderben
| fɛɐˈdɛrbn
```
to ruin, spoil
Vowel change: verdirb
Preterite: verdarb // verdürbe
Past participle: verdorben
Auxiliary: haben (t) or sein (i)
```
138
verdrießen
| fɛɐˈdriːsn
to annoy, irritate
Preterite: verdross
Past participle: verdrossen
Auxiliary: haben
139
verlieren
| fɛɐˈliːrən
to lose
Preterite: verlor
Past participle: verloren
Auxiliary: haben
140
verschleißen
| fɛɐˈʃlaisn
to wear out
Preterite: verschliss
Past participle: verschlissen
Auxiliary: haben (t) or sein (i)
141
verzeihen
| fɛɐˈtsaiːən
to forgive, excuse
Preterite: verzieh
Past participle: verziehen
Auxiliary: haben
142
wachsen
| ˈvaksn
```
to grow
Umlaut change: wächs
Preterite: wuchs
Past participle: gewachsen
Auxiliary: sein
- Also a regular verb meaning "wax".
```
143
waschen
| ˈvaʃn
```
to wash
Umlaut change: wäsch
Preterite: wusch
Past participle: gewaschen
Auxiliary: haben
```
144
weben
| ˈveːbn
```
to weave
Preterite: wob
Past participle: gewoben
Auxiliary: haben
- Regular when used literally, irregular when used figuratively or literarily.
```
145
weichen
| ˈvaiçn
```
to yield; leave (sb/sth)
Preterite: wich
Past participle: gewichen
Auxiliary: sein
Prepositions: vor = (retreat) from
- Also a regular verb meaning "soak".
```
146
weisen
| ˈvaizn
Elevated: to show, point; expel, eject (sb)
Preterite: wies
Past participle: gewiesen
Auxiliary: haben
Prepositions: nach = (point) towards; auf = (point) at (acc.)
147
werben
| ˈvɛrbn
```
to recruit, attract; advertise
Vowel change: wirb
Preterite: warb // würbe
Past participle: geworben
Auxiliary: haben
```
148
werfen
| ˈvɛrfn
```
to throw
Vowel change: wirf
Preterite: warf // würfe
Past participle: geworfen
Auxiliary: haben
Prepositions: nach = at
```
149
wiegen
| ˈviːɡn
```
to weigh
Preterite: wog
Past participle: gewogen
Auxiliary: haben
- Also a regular verb meaning "rock, sway".
```
150
winden
| ˈvɪndn
```
to wind
Preterite: wand
Past participle: gewunden
Auxiliary: haben
- Also a regular verb meaning "blow (wind) (imp.)".
```
151
wringen
| ˈvrɪŋən
to wring
Preterite: wrang
Past participle: gewrungen
Auxiliary: haben
152
ziehen
| ˈtsiːən
```
to pull; move
Preterite: zog
Past participle: gezogen
Auxiliary: haben or sein
Prepositions: aus = of
- Takes "sein" when used to mean "move", takes "haben" with other meanings.
```
153
zwingen
| ˈtsvɪŋən
to force (ie compel)
Preterite: zwang
Past participle: gezwungen
Auxiliary: haben
