Ism's

Question 1

What were the goals of Congress of Vienna?

Answer 1

Conservative ideas, going back to “oldways” in government

Question 2

What forces did those in attendance believe were dangerous and needed to be stamped out?

Answer 2

Liberalism/nationalism were seen as causes of French Revolution/general chaos

Question 3

In what locations did the conservative states of Europe “look the other way” when nationalistic revolts broke out? Why?

Answer 3

Belgium, Serbia, Greece

Ottoman Empire: all nations wanted land so they allowed the Ottomans to decrease in power.

Question 4

What beliefs/goals were important for 19th century liberals?

Answer 4

Constitutions, Republican Government, protection of basic rights, lassiez-faire

Question 5

What values did conservatives hold dear?

Answer 5

Monarchy (divine rights), established religion, surpressing radical ideas, very gradual change

Question 6

Why did the revolutions (1830, 1848) occur in France?

Answer 6

Angry radicals protested absolutist Charles X

Question 7

What did Metternich mean when he said “when France sneezes, Europe catches cold”?

Answer 7

Revolutions in France triggered other ideas of change and uprisings soon after.

Question 8

Why did the Crimean War break out?

Answer 8

France, Britain and Sardinia worried about Russian expansion.

Question 9

Who fought against whom in the Crimean War?

Answer 9

France Britain Sardinia Ottoman Empire

vs.

Russia

Question 10

Name four results of the Crimean War.

Answer 10

1. Austria and Russia devolped a rivalry (Austria did not return the favor to Russia for crushing their rebellions)
2. Napolean III gains prestige
3. Sardinia gets France’s attention & signs secret alliance
4. All European powers pledge to protect Ottomans (not Russia)

Question 11

What was the Frankfurt Assembly, and what did they offer to Frederick William IV in 1848? What was his response? Why did he respond in that way?

Answer 11

Assembly of German states offered him a German crown. He denied it becuase he didn’t want a crown from “the gutter” (the people)

Question 12

Who led German unification? Why did he support it?

Answer 12

Otto Von Bismark: Wanted to further empower the Hohenzollerns through gaining territory

Question 13

What did he do in order to achieve unification? In other words, what was his strategy?

Answer 13

Blood and iron: strategic warfare would be the only effective path (vs. debate/politics)

Question 14

What does realpolitik mean? How do you know that both Bismarck and Cavour are supporters of this political philosophy?

Answer 14

Undivided commitment to a certain goal; Bismark and Cavour both stood firm in their beliefs and often disregarded morals to achieve the ultimate unification of Germany and Italy.

Question 15

Who was crowned the first “Kaiser” of Germany? Where? Why is this significant?

Answer 15

Wilhelm I; At Versailled; To humiliate the French and prove that they’re no longer the best.

Question 16

What were the terms of the treaty with France (Treaty of Frankfurt)?

Answer 16

1. France to pay huge sum to Germany
2. French leave Rome, given to Italy
3. Germany receives Alsoce-Lorraine
4. Wilhelm I declared German Kaiser

Question 17

Why did the workers not revolt in Germany?

Answer 17

Bismark undercut them (social welfare, accident/old age insurance)

Question 18

What four people were instrumental in Italian unification? What was the significance of each (what role did each play)?

Answer 18

Mazzini (Heart

Cavour (Brains)

Garibaldi (Sword)

Victor Emmanuel II (Head)

Question 19

Why did Cavour persuade his king to enter the Crimean War?

Answer 19

Sardinia needed allies to unify Italy

Question 20

Name two problems that faced the new unified nation of Italy.

Answer 20

1. People were more regionally nationalistic rather than nationality to Italy
2. North and South regions were divided (economy, people, cities)

Question 21

Who was Metternich? What role did he play in European politics until 1848?

Answer 21

Austrian political leader: Sperheaded conservatism and maintaining it among European natoins

Question 22

What were the two opposing forces facing the Austrian Empire in the 19th century?

Answer 22

Liberalism & Nationalism

Question 23

What ethnic minority gained some independence from the Austrians?

Answer 23

Hungarians

Question 24

Despite some modernization in the 19th century, what two destructive forces chip away at the Ottoman Empire?

Answer 24

• Nationalism
• Other nations wanted land

Question 25

Name three ways Russia was different from the rest of Europe in the 19th century.

Answer 25

1. Not modernized 2. Monarchy; no change in governament structure or style 3. No human rights (serfdom)

Question 26

Alexander I

Answer 26

Enlightenment education, fight Napolean (liberal ideas), timid reformer

Question 27

Nicholas I

Answer 27

Crimean Warm repressive to liberals (Decembrist revolt)

Question 28

Alexander II

Answer 28

Tried to modernize from defeat, ended serfdom, assassinated

Question 29

Alexander III

Answer 29

Absolutist, blames Russians for Father's death (Alexander II)

Question 30

Nicholas II

Answer 30

Unprepared to be Czar, Russo-Japanese War, Bloody Sunday, Duhma, wasn't "whole heartedly"

Question 31

Name two forces of change in Russia.

Answer 31

1. Liberalism 2. Government trying to encourage nationalism through wars (but keeps losing)

Question 32

Name five ways Britain became more democratic during the 19th century.

Answer 32

1. Catholics and non-Anglican Protestants given equal political rights 2. Reform act of 1832 redistributed seats in the House of Congress (rotten boroughs) 3. Secret ballot 4. Nouse of Congress is more powerful than the House of Lords 5. Expanded suffrage

Question 33

Name three reasons why the Irish resented the British.

Answer 33

1. Foreign rule (nationalism) 2. Land taken from Irish, then forced to be poor tenant farmers 3. Terrible treatment by British (pverty, potato famine)

Question 34

Name two failures attributed to Napoleon III and two successes.

Answer 34

Failures: * Losing terribly in the Franco-Prussian war * Tried to place an heir on Mexican throne Successes: * Issued a new constitution * Promoted investment in industry (Suez Canal)

Question 35

What was unique about the Third French Republic coalition government?

Answer 35

So many political parties, government unstable/unproductive

Question 36

Briefly explain the Dreyfus Affair. Why was this event significant for France during the Third Republic?

Answer 36

* Captain Dreyfus accused by military for spying for Germany * Nationalist and royalist supporters vs. Liberals/Republicans for justice * Military leaders jealous/prejudiced towards Dreyfus for being Jewish