ISP Key perspective 1 Flashcards
Who is considered the “father of psychology”?
Wilhelm Wundt – He established the first experimental psychology lab in 1879 at the University of Leipzig.
What psychological approach did Wilhelm Wundt develop?
Structuralism – Analysing the basic elements of consciousness using introspection.
What is functionalism, and who developed it?
William James – Functionalism focused on how mental processes help us adapt to our environment.
What did John Locke’s concept of “tabula rasa” mean?
The mind is a blank slate at birth, and knowledge is gained through experience.
What is René Descartes’ theory of mind-body dualism?
The mind and body are separate entities that interact at the pineal gland.
What is mesmerism, and who developed it?
Franz Mesmer – A healing technique using “animal magnetism” to restore balance in the body.
What is phrenology, and why was it discredited?
Franz Joseph Gall – Studying skull shape to determine personality
What is the psychodynamic perspective, and who developed it?
Sigmund Freud – Focuses on the unconscious mind and early childhood experiences.
What are the three parts of Freud’s structural model of the mind?
Id (instinct), Ego (reality), Superego (morality).
What are Freud’s psychosexual stages of development?
Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent, and Genital stages.
What are some defence mechanisms described by Freud?
Repression, denial, and projection.
What did Carl Jung’s theory of the collective unconscious propose?
A shared set of memories and archetypes across humanity.
What is Alfred Adler’s concept of the inferiority complex?
A feeling of inadequacy developed in childhood that influences adult behaviour.
What is Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development?
Personality develops through eight stages, each with a conflict between individual needs and society.
What is behaviourism, and who are its key figures?
Study of observable behaviour – Key figures: John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov, and B.F. Skinner.
What is classical conditioning?
Learning through association – Pavlov’s dogs salivating at the sound of a bell.
What are the components of operant conditioning?
Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, and negative punishment.
What is cognitive psychology focused on?
Internal mental processes like memory, attention, and perception.
What is the computer analogy in cognitive psychology?
The mind processes information like a computer – input, processing, output.
What therapy combines cognitive and behavioural principles?
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) – Used for treating anxiety, phobias, and addiction.
What is the main criticism of the psychodynamic approach?
Lack of scientific evidence and difficulty in testing unconscious processes.
What is the main strength of behaviourism?
Focus on observable and measurable behaviour through controlled experiments.
What is the main criticism of behaviourism?
Ignoring internal mental processes and biological factors.
What is a strength of the cognitive perspective?
Scientific methods and ability to explain complex mental processes.
