Ispit

Question 1

Antonyms

Answer 1

antonyms represent the differences in meaning between two lexemes.

Question 2

scalar antonyms

Answer 2

most noticed in adjectives e.g. good/bad fast/slow
the antonymy of these pairs of lexemes is based on the contrast more/less
these pairs represent the two endpoints of a particular value scale and they are symmetrically positioned in relation to the middle
X implies NOT Y, but NOT Y does not necessary implies X
eg. its fast implicates that its not slow but its not fast does not implicate that its slow

Question 3

complementrary antonyms

Answer 3

most commonly occurs in adjectives e.g. male/female true/false alive/dead and in verbs hit/miss obey/disobey
antonymy of these pairs of lexemes is based on the yes/no contrast
two equal and mutually exclusive parts
there are no neutral values something is either positive or negative
complementary antonyms do not have the ability of gradibility but there are some exceptions e.g. safe/dangerous drunk/sober
X implies NOT Y and NOT x implies Y

Question 4

Diametrical antonyms

Answer 4

Diametrical antonyms signify the two endpoints of a given axis towards one or the other direction.
e.g. up/down north/south west/east

Question 5

Relational antonyms

Answer 5

most commonly occurs in prepositions vers and nouns
e.g. above/below in fornt of / behind buy/sell husband/wife parent/ child
if X owns Y then Y belongs to X

Question 6

Reversive antonyms

Answer 6

most commonly occurs in verbs such as e.g. enter/leave learn/ forget widen/narrow pack/unpack
the reversive antonyms are based on the movement and or change of state in the opposite direction

Question 7

Collocation

Answer 7

is the usual sometimes even regular two-member combination of one lexeme with another forming a particular syntactic unit phrase or sentence e.g. drink coffe, strong coffe, drink strong coffe

Question 8

Collocates

Answer 8

are the lexemes that collocate inside a certain collocation in both directions. they often have a relationship of hiearchy. there are primary and secondary collocates
primary collocates are the focus of the collocation and the main carrier of the meaning while the secondary collocate is describing it or making its meaning more concrete
e.g. drink strong coffe - coffe is the primary collocate whereas the lexeme drink and strong are secondary collocates

Question 9

open vs bound collocation

Answer 9

Open Collocations: Allow for flexible substitution of words within the collocation pattern (e.g., strong coffee, strong argument).
Bound Collocations: Have fixed and specific word combinations with less flexibility (e.g., kick the bucket, break the news).

Question 10

Restricted collocation

Answer 10

restricted collocation are those which consist of lexemes of medium collocation range although some of the can be closer to open collocations while other are closer to bound collocations
restricted collocations are the most frequent ones in language
e.g. drink coffe

Question 11

Colligations or grammatical collocations

Answer 11

grammatical collocations are collocations that contain functional units specifically prepositions as secondary collocates
nouns verbs and adjectives occur as primary collocates
because these sequences of lexemes are obligatory these collocation belong to the domain of grammar

Question 12

Conceptual methaphor

Answer 12

Conceptual metaphor is a cognitive phenomenon where one idea or conceptual domain is understood and experienced in terms of another, often abstract, domain. This allows people to make sense of complex or abstract concepts by relating them to more concrete or familiar experiences. Essentially, conceptual metaphors shape the way we think, communicate, and understand the world.
Time is money.”

Explanation: This metaphor conceptualizes time (an abstract concept) as if it were money (a concrete concept). This implies that time can be spent, saved, wasted, or invested like money. It shapes how we perceive and talk about time, emphasizing its value and the need to manage it efficiently.

Question 13

Conceptual metonymy

Answer 13

is the means of transferring of the meaning based on the contiguity of two lexemes which are different but spatially temporally or somehow else connected entities
One meaning is the one og the source entity which is usually more concrete or more prominent and it serves to refer to the other meaning which is generally more abstract or less prominent called target entity
e.g. he ate two plates - plates as a source entity are projected onto the target entity which is the thing that is inside the plate

Question 14

Gradibility

Answer 14

is the lexemes ability of mophosyntactic comparison meaning they have a comparative and superlative form e.g. fast faster the fastest
gradibility can be implicit and explicit
the explicit one is when two entities are compared e.g. my car is faster than yours
the implict ocuurs every time when a scalar antonym is used- there is always a comparison with the norm
e.g. my car is fast - implies that is faster that the prototipical usual car

Question 15

homonymy

Answer 15

is the relationship between at least two lexemes which have indentical form and often same moprho-syntactic function, but have a different meaning
Full homonymy - indentical both phonological and orthographic form e.g. bank - financial institution and a part of a river
Partial homonymy - have indentical either phonological or orthographic form
Homophony - indentical phonological form e.g. pear /pair / pare (cut)
Homography - indentical ortographic form e.g. bow( gesture) and bow (weapon)

Question 16

Hyponymy

Answer 16

is the relationship betwee at least two lexemes a more generic one called the superordinate and a specific instance of it called the hyponym
hyponym- is the subordinate lexeme in the hearchy whose sense and denotation are included in the sense of the superordinate lexeme meaning that it has a smaller scope of denotation e.g rose (flower)
Cohyponym- is the relationship between several hyponyms of equal status which are superordinared by the same lexeme e.g. rose tulip daffodil
Superordinate- the lexeme which takes the highest place in the hiearchy its semantic field is borader meaning that it has a more broad denotation e.g. flower

Question 17

Idiom

Answer 17

are regular but sometimes systematic sequences of at least two lexeme often more realized as a phrase or a sentence
idiomatization is the main characteristic of idioms and it can be semantic or formal

Question 17

Fixed binomials

Answer 17

are those idioms that have two semantic units conjuncted with one functional unit e.g. law and order

Question 18

Simile

Answer 18

is the comparison of one thing with another thing of a different kind e.g. cunning as a fox

Question 19

phrasal nouns

Answer 19

collocarions of the adjective + noun form e.g. personal computer, flying sourcer

Question 20

Verbless phrasal verbs

Answer 20

are realized as noun adj adv or prep phrases which function as ordinary lexemes in a sentence
e.g. behind closed doors

Question 21

Verbal phrasal verbs

Answer 21

are realized as verb phrases and beside the lexical verb they can include at least one object and/or adverbial e.g. raining cats and dogs

Question 22

Phrasal verbs

Answer 22

are realized as verb phrases consisting of one lexical verb and at least one particle which functions as its modification

Question 23

Lexical set

Answer 23

is a group of lexemes which contain lexemes of different mopho-syntactic class that are grouped based on their sense relation resulting from certain extralinguistic factors
highly culture specific
can be determened by
temporal spatial or other closeness of the lexeme e.g. house, roof , wall, tile
thematic phycological or else e.g. lexemes that are connected to the bathroom - soup, water, sink , bathtub, clean

Question 24

Polysemy

Answer 24

relation of multiple meanings of one lexeme. It is the ability of one lexeme to carry multiple meanings e.g. /head/ as the part of the body and /a head of the department/, where head as a part of the body is the primary meaning and the head of the department is the transferred meaning (through methaphor)

Question 25

Strenghthening vs Weakening

Answer 25

Strengthening of Meaning: Enhances the impact, intensity, or certainty of a statement (e.g., "excellent" instead of "good," "will definitely" instead of "might"). Weakening of Meaning: Softens or reduces the impact, intensity, or certainty of a statement (e.g., "somewhat talented" instead of "talented," "might be" instead of "is").

Question 26

Synonymy

Answer 26

is the relationship between at least two lexemes which have the same meaning

Question 27

Incomplete synonymy

Answer 27

For example, consider the words "happy" and "joyful." Both describe a positive emotional state, so they're similar. However, "happy" might be used for general contentment, while "joyful" might be used for a more intense, enthusiastic feeling. So, while they are similar, they aren't perfect substitutes for each other in every context.

Question 28

Complete synonymy

Answer 28

For example, the words "couch" and "sofa" are complete synonyms because they both refer to the same type of furniture and can be used in the same contexts without altering the meaning. So, you could say "I bought a new couch" or "I bought a new sofa," and the meaning remains the same.

Question 29

Loose synonymy

Answer 29

For example, "begin" and "start" are loosely synonymous. Both can mean the same thing, like in "Let's begin the meeting" or "Let's start the meeting." However, "begin" might be a bit more formal, while "start" is more casual. So, they’re similar but not always interchangeable depending on the context.