issues and debates

Question 1

Ethical guidelines definition

Answer 1

principles set by BPS to help psychologists behave honestly and with integrity

Question 2

Ethical issues definition

Answer 2

arise when conflict exists between the rights of the participants and the goads or researchers to produce valid data

Question 3

Ethical implications definition

Answer 3

impact of psychological research on other people and participants

Question 4

social sensitivity definiton

Answer 4

studies where there are potential consequences for participants or individuals represented by research

Question 5

Evidence for ethical implications

Answer 5

milgram-participants were deceived

bowlby’s-make mothers feel guilty for working after having child

Question 6

evidence for social sensitivity

Answer 6

milgram - people obeyed orders they didn’t want to follow

bowlby’s- make mothers guilty

Question 7

What did Sieber and Stanley(1988) study?

Answer 7

4 aspects of scientific research that raise ethical implication in socially sensitive research

Question 8

4 aspects of Sieber and Stanley

Answer 8

-research question
-methodology used
- institutional context
interpretation and application of finding

Question 9

Ethical implications positives

• SS research benefit society
• legal system positives

Answer 9

• Sandra scare argues that SS research promotes better understanding of underrepresented groups - e.g. culture bias on schizophrenia diagnosis (voices in head in Africa) - encourages acceptance
• prevent miscarriages of justice in legal system - Ronald Cotton EWT research shows unreliability if not socially sensitive

Question 10

Ethical implications negatives

-psychologists research

Answer 10

-psychologists need to be free to carry out important research - problematic if governments set laws stopping some research e.g. race-related research - research can be stopped for political reasons - mindful of SS research benefits outweighing costs

Question 11

free will definition

Answer 11

humans can make choices that and are not determined by biological or external forces

Question 12

how does humanistic approach link to free will?

Answer 12

free will doesnt deny biological and environmental forces but we are able to reject these for our own denstiny

Question 13

determinism definition

Answer 13

an individual behaviour is shaped or controlled by internal or external forces rather than an individual will to do something

Question 14

hard determinism definiton

Answer 14

free will isnt possible

Question 15

soft determinism

Answer 15

behaviour can be determined by our conscious thoughts

Question 16

biological determinism definition

Answer 16

behaviours is caused by biologism influences that we can’t control

Question 17

examples of biological determinism

Answer 17

ANS during stress and anxiety

Question 18

environmental determinism definition

Answer 18

behaviour is caused by features of the environment that we can’t control

Question 19

examples of environmental determinism

Answer 19

parents
schools
government

Question 20

psychic determinism definiton

Answer 20

behaviour is caused by unconscious conflict la that we cannot control

Question 21

psychic determinism examples

Answer 21

‘slip of the tongue’

Question 22

Determinism Strength

• consistent with science aims
• soft determinism

Answer 22

• hard= behaviour obeys laws - places psychology on same level as other sciences - behaviour can be predicted + controlled = treatments + therapies
• e.g. SLT = key environmental factors but fee to choose some things - interactionist may. be better which is a compromise

Question 23

determinism limitation

- legal system position

Answer 23

• for offenders to be held accountable they have to have had free will to choose to do the crime = determinism has no real world application

Question 24

free will strength

-practical application

Answer 24

-every day life - face validity - research says internal = better mental health suggests more free will = positive behaviour impact

Question 25

Free will limitation | -brain scan

Answer 25

- libet et al 1983 - participants chose random moment to flick wrist while measured brain activity - participants said when they felt conscious movement - unconscious came half a second before conscious - showing most basic experiences or free will are actually determined by brain

Question 26

biological definiton

Answer 26

focus on hereditary, hormones and chemicals through the interaction with the environment is acknowledged

Question 27

psychodynamic definiton

Answer 27

basic instinct drives such as sec and aggression drive behaviour but relationship with parents also important

Question 28

cognitive definiton

Answer 28

innate info processing ability’s are constantly refined by experience

Question 29

humanistic definiton

Answer 29

accepts the influence of basic physiological needs but the focus is on the persons experience of their own environment

Question 30

behaviourist definition

Answer 30

mind is blank slate | behaviour determined by learning

Question 31

idiographic approach definition

Answer 31

- individual personal experiences | - studies people independently

Question 31

idiographic methods

Answer 31

- qualitative to allow insight into individual behaviour | - insight into unique ways of viewing world

Question 31

idiographic approach examples

Answer 31

-humanistic approach/psychologist not finding general laws -rogers and maslow (documenting conscious experience of individual) -

Question 32

Nomothetic approach definition

Answer 32

- general laws based on study of large groups - statistical techniques to analyse data - allow future behaviour predicted

Question 33

nomothetic approach methods

Answer 33

- quantitative /scientific | - easier for comparison

Question 34

nomothetic approach example

Answer 34

- behaviourism -skinner rats-laws of learning - cog-lab experiments - biological-loc of functions generalisiation

Question 37

idiographic approach combo whopper | -individuality leading to lack of generalisability

Answer 37

-complete account of individual -HM- LTM evidence of different brain areas HOWEVER -idio supporters still recognise restricted nature of their work -generalisations not made as not enough examples to compare behaviour to - most concepts developed from individual studies such as little hans which can’t be generalised -rely on interpretation leading to bias

Question 38

nomothetic approach combo whopper | -scientific = not human enough

Answer 38

-more scientific from group data -tests under standardised conditions -enable typical behaviours to be established like - IQ average 100- psych scientific credibility HOWEVER -doesn’t include individual experiences -e,g 1% risk in schizophrenia development tells us little about what the experience is like -overlooks human experience

Question 39

idio and nomo hamburger | -both perspective

Answer 39

- both perspectives - gender development research (sandra bern androgens scale) to establish patterns - goal of modern psych to provide description of behaviour