Issues And Debates Flashcards
(135 cards)
1
Q
Gender and Culture in psychology- GB-
What is gender bias?
A
Psychological research or theories that do not represent the experience or behaviour of men or women
2
Q
Gender and Culture in psychology- GB-
What is universality?
A
Any underlying characteristic of human beings that is capable of being applied to all, despite the differences of experiences or upbringing
3
Q
Gender and Culture in psychology- GB-
What is alpha bias?
A
A bias that exaggerates the differences between men and women
4
Q
Gender and Culture in psychology- GB-
What is an example of alpha bias?
A
Freud psychosexual stages- boys gave castration anxiety, this is resolved when they identify with the same sex parent. Girls identification with their mother is weaker so their superego is. This makes them naturally inferior to boys
Favours women is psychodynamic approach, Chodorow (1968), suggested that daughters and mothers have a greater connection than mothers and sons
5
Q
Gender and Culture in psychology- GB-
What is beta bias?
A
When differences between male and female are minimised,
6
Q
Gender and Culture in psychology- GB-
What is a example of beta bias?
A
‘Fight or flight’, Taylor discovered that women go through ‘tend and befriend’.
7
Q
Gender and Culture in psychology- GB-
What hormone do women release when in a a threatening situation?
A
Oxytocin
8
Q
Gender and Culture in psychology- GB-
What is androcentrism?
A
Alpha and beta bias is a result of androcentrism this has caused a male dominated version of the world,
9
Q
Gender and Culture in psychology- GB-
What is an example of androcentrism?
A
American Psychologist Society published the top 100 most influential psychologists, only 6 o them were women.
10
Q
Gender and Culture in psychology- GB-
What do feminists reject?
A
The diagnostic category ‘premenstrual syndrome’ as it medicalises women’s emotions, such as anger, saying it is hormonal. While mens anger is seen as rational and due to external pressure. Uhlmann (2008)
11
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A
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12
Q
Gender and Culture in psychology- CB-
What is culture bias?
A
Reference to the tendency to ignore cultural differences and interpret all phenomena through our own ‘lens ‘ of our own culture
13
Q
Gender and Culture in psychology- CB-
What is ethnocentrism?
A
Judging another culture by the standards and values of your own culture
14
Q
Gender and Culture in psychology- CB-
What is an example of ethnocentrism in a study?
A
Ainsworth- the ideal attachment in infants
15
Q
Gender and Culture in psychology- CB-
What is the etic approach?
A
Looks at behaviour from outside of a culture and attempts to describe the findings as universal
16
Q
Gender and Culture in psychology- CB-
What is the emic approach?
A
Functions from the inside of the culture and identifies behaviour specific to that culture
17
Q
Gender and Culture in psychology- CB-
Who is an example of imposed etic?
A
Ainsworth
18
Q
Gender and Culture in psychology- CB-
Who identified the etic and emic approach?
A
Berry (1969)
19
Q
Gender and Culture in psychology- CB-
What is cultural relativism?
A
The idea that norms and values, as well as ethics and moral standards can only be meaningful and understood within within specific cultural and social context
20
Q
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A
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21
Q
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A
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22
Q
Nature vs Nurture-
What is the nature vs nurture debate?
A
It is concerned wit the extent to which aspects of behaviour is a product of inheritance or acquired characteristics
23
Q
Nature vs Nurture-
What is teh interaction isn’t approach?
A
The idea that natures and nurture are linked to such an extent it does not make any sense to separate them
24
Q
Nature vs Nurture-
What is the diva thesis stress model?
A
States that behaviour is caused by a biological or environmental vulnerability, and is only expressed when coupled with a biological or environmental stimuli
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Nature vs Nurture-
What Is an example of the diathesis stress model?
OCD
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Nature vs Nurture-
What is epigenetics?
A change in our genetic activity without changing our gene code, is caused by interaction with the environment. Epigenetic marks in ourDNA are Claude from by events
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Nature vs Nurture-
What do epigenetic marks on our DNA tell us to do?
Tells our body which genes to ignore
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Nature vs Nurture-
What is the third argument that epigenetic brings into the debate?
The experience of previous generations
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Nature vs Nurture- NA = = = NU -
What is position 1?
Focuses on hereditary, hormones, and chemicals, though the interaction with the environment is acknowledged
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Nature vs Nurture- NA = = = NU -
What is position 2?
Basic instinct drives Such as sex and aggression drive behaviour but the relationship with your own parents is important
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Nature vs Nurture- NA = = = NU -
What is position 3?
Innate decision making abilities are constantly refined by experience
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Nature vs Nurture- NA = = = NU -
What is position 4?
Accepts the influence of basic physiological arguments but the focus id on the persons experience in their own environment
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Nature vs Nurture- NA = = = NU -
What is position 5?
The mind is a blank slate at birth. Behaviour is learned through experiences in our own environments
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Nature vs Nurture- NA = = = NU -
Where do the approaches fit on this scale?
(Psychodynamic, cognitive, biological, behaviourist, humanistic)
1. Biological
2. Psychodynamic
3. Cognitive
4. Humanistic
5. Behaviourist
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Free will and determinism-
Which approaches back up free will?
The humanistic approach
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Free will and determinism-
Which approaches back up determinism?
Behaviourist, biological, cognitive, psychodynamic
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Free will and determinism-
What is free will?
The notion that humans can make choices and are not determined by biological or external factors
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Free will and determinism-
What is determinism?
Views on individual behaviour is controlled by internal or external factors
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Free will and determinism-
What is hard determinism?
Free will is not possible, always internal or external factors
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Free will and determinism-
What os soft determinism?
All events have causes, but can be determine by conscious choices in the absence of pressure
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Free will and determinism-
What is biological determinism?
Behaviour is determined by biological influenced (genetic, hormonal, and evolutionary) that we cant control
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Free will and determinism-
What is environmental determinism?
Caused by features of the environment, (such as reward and punishment) which we cannot control
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Free will and determinism-
What is psychic determinism?
Belief behaviour is caused by unconscious conflicts that we cannot control
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Free will and determinism-
What is an example of free will in approaches?
Humanistic approach- Rodger’s (client central thereby)
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Free will and determinism-
What is an examples of an external factor?
Rewarding certain behaviours
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Free will and determinism-
What is an example of an internal force?
Hormones
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Free will and determinism-
What kind of determinism is the general laws?
Hard determinism
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Free will and determinism-
What is one of the basic principles of science?
Cause and effect
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Holism and reductionism-
What is Holism?
The idea that human behaviour should only be considered at a whole.
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Holism and reductionism-
What kind of psychologists adopt a holistic approach?
Gestalt psychologists
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Holism and reductionism-
What are some examples of approaches that take a holistic approach?
Cognitive psychologists, and humanistic psychologists
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Holism and reductionism-
Does Holism use quantitative or qualitative data?
Qualitative
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Holism and reductionism-
What is the view of gestalt psychologists?
A whole is greater than the sum of its parts
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Holism and reductionism-
What is reductionism?
The belief that human behaviour is best explained by breaking it down into smaller parts
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Holism and reductionism-
What is parsimony?
The idea that complex phenomenon should be explained in the simplest terms
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Holism and reductionism-
What is occm’s razor?
One should not make necessary assumptions and that a problem is often simplest
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Holism and reductionism- LoF-
What is the lowest level of explanation?
Physiological (biological)- explained in neurotransmitters, genes and brain structure 
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Holism and reductionism- LoF-
What is the middle level of reductionism?
Psychological (cognitive and behavioural)-
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Holism and reductionism- LoF-
What is the middle level of reductionism?
Psychological (cognitive and behavioural)-
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Holism and reductionism- LoF-
What is the highest level of reductionism?
Social and cultural- behaviour is explained by influence
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Holism and reductionism- LoR-
What is an example of levels of reductionism?
OCD and memory
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Holism and reductionism- BR-
What is biological reductionism?
Believes all behaviour id biological, believes in genetic influences, neurochemicals, evolution, and physiology
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Holism and reductionism- BR-
What is an example of biological reductionism?
Drugs which increase serotonin often help to treat OCD, therefore low serotonin must cause OCD
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Holism and reductionism- ER-
What is another way of saying environmental determinism?
Stimulus - response
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Holism and reductionism- ER-
What is environmental determinism?
All behaviour is learnt through environment
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Holism and reductionism- ER-
Which approach is an example of environmental reductionism?
The behaviourist approach
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Holism and reductionism- ER-
What is an example of environmental reductionism?
The learning theory of attachment, reduces the idea of love to a learned association,
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Holism and reductionism-
Order of these from Holism to reductionism? (Psychology, physics, sociology, chemistry, biology)
Sociology, psychology, biology, chemistry, physics
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Idiographic and nomothetic-
What is idiographic?
Research that focuses more on the individual case as a means of understanding behaviour rather than aiming to create general laws of research
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Idiographic and nomothetic-
What amount of pps are in an idiographic study?
Small amount of pps/ typically case studies
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Idiographic and nomothetic-
What kind of measures are used?
Qualitative (such as interviews)
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Idiographic and nomothetic-
Which approaches are the most idiographic?
Psychodynamic and humanistic approaches
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Idiographic and nomothetic-
What is a humanistic approach example?
Rosters sought to explain the process of self development including the unconditional positive regard, this was derived from in depth conversations with clients in therapy
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Idiographic and nomothetic-
What is a psychodynamic example?
Frauds careful observation of individuals where the basis of his explanation of human nature e.g. little Hans
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Idiographic and nomothetic-
What is the nomothetic approach?
An approach that attempts to study human behaviour through the development of general principles and universal laws
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Idiographic and nomothetic-
What kind of data is used?
Quantitative data (follows scientific methods)
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Idiographic and nomothetic-
In which approach are hypothesis formed?
Nomothetic
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Idiographic and nomothetic-
Which approach forms a hypothesis?
Nomothetic
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Idiographic and nomothetic-
Which are the main nomothetic approaches?
Behaviouralist and biological approach
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Idiographic and nomothetic-
What is a behaviourist approach example of nomothetic research?
Skinner- used animals to study general laws of learning
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Idiographic and nomothetic-
What is a biological approach example nomothetic approach?
Sperrys split brain research
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Idiographic and nomothetic-
Which approach is subjective?
Idiographic approach
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Idiographic and nomothetic-
Which approach is objective?
Nomothetic approach
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Idiographic and nomothetic-
What are idiographic examples?
- little Hans- fear of castration, we have unique childhood experiences
- little Albert- conditions= fear of rats
- Clive wearing- LTM A
- HM- STM. Stores
- PS WJ- sperry split brain and visual fields
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Idiographic and nomothetic-
What are some nomothetic examples?
- OCD= low serotonin (treated through drug therapy)
- Pavlov + Skinner= created general laws of learning
- Lorenz= critical period amounts animals, (Bowlby with children)
- Asch= studies are generalised to all cultures
- Ainsworth= laws of attachment to all cultures
- fight or flight= generalised from men to women
- Adorno= F-scale, applied germant
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Comparing approaches- FW+D-
Which is the biological approach and why?
Deterministic (biological)- can say schizophrenia causes behaviour
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Comparing approaches- FW+D-
Which one is the behaviourist approach?
Deterministic (environmental)- we are controlled through stimulus- response
97
Comparing approaches- FW+D-
Which is the social learning theory?
Deterministic (soft)- takes in free will into account
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Comparing approaches- FW+D-
Which one is the cognitive approach?
Deterministic (sodt)- conditioned by meditational process
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Comparing approaches- FW+D-
Which one is the psychodynamic approach?
Deterministic (psychic)- behaviour is based on childhood experience
100
Comparing approaches- FW+D-
Which one is the humanistic approach?
Free will- only approach to consider free will (hierarchy of needs, deaf determination)
101
Comparing approaches- Na vs Nu-
Which does the biological approach support?
Nature- cant change biology after it is created (testosterone= aggression)
102
Comparing approaches- Na vs Nu-
Which does the behaviourist approach support?
Nurture- classical and operant conditioning, all humans are born a blank slate
103
Comparing approaches- Na vs Nu-
Which does the social learning theory support?
Nurture- behaviour is learnt though observable behaviour, (Bandura- bobo doll)
104
Comparing approaches- Na vs Nu-
Which does the cognitive approach support?
Nature + nurture- process= nature, attention= nurture, input= environment
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Comparing approaches- Na vs Nu-
Which does the psychodynamic approach?
Nature and aspects of nurture- ID, EGO, SUPEREGO= nurture, Oedipus and Electra complex= nature
106
Comparing approaches- Na vs Nu-
Which ones does the humanistic approach support?
Nurture- hierarchy of needs, have to strive to achieve self-actualisation
107
Comparing approaches- R and H-
Which does biological approach support?
Reductionism (biological)-ignores free will, localisation of function
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Comparing approaches- R and H-
Which does the behaviourist approach support?
Reductionist (environmental)- ignores biological elements and ignores free will,
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Comparing approaches- R and H-
Which does the social learning theory support?
Reductionist (environmental)- law ignores biological factors (only environmental and free will)
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Comparing approaches- R and H-
Which does the cognitive approach support?
Reductionist (machine and environmental)- the mind is like a computer
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Comparing approaches- R and H-
Which does the psychodynamic approach support?
Both- uses case studies, behaviourist is reduced into small bits
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Comparing approaches- R and H-
Which does the humanistic approach support?
Holism- looks at the whole human experience
113
Comparing approaches- I vs N-
Which does the biological approach support?
Nomothetic- creates laws on the place of Broca’s and werickes area
114
Comparing approaches- I vs N-
Which does the behaviours it approach support?
Nomothetic- creates general laws from animal studies
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Comparing approaches- I vs N-
Which does the social learning theory support?
Nomothetic- creates general behaviour laws, through vicarious reinforcement
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Comparing approaches- I vs N-
Which does the cognitive approach support?
Both- develops memory laws, and uses case studies (HM)
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Comparing approaches- I vs N-
Which does the psychodynamic approach support?
Both- idio= little Hans, uses Oedipus/Electra complex = nomo
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Comparing approaches- I vs N-
Which does the humanistic approach support?
Idiographic- based on subjective human experience
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Comparing approaches- S-
Is the biological approach scientific?
Yes- uses brain scanning methods
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Comparing approaches- S-
Is the behaviourist approach scientific?
Yes- uses animal studies
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Comparing approaches- S-
Id the social learning theory scientific?
Yes (mostly)- uses studies, direct and indirect observations
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Comparing approaches- S-
Is the cognitive approach scientific?
Yes (mostly)- cannot directly observe cognitive functions
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Comparing approaches- S-
Is the psychodynamic approach scientific?
No- theories cannot be scientifically backed up
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Comparing approaches- S-
Is the humanistic approach scientific?
No- rejects empirical testing methods
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Ethical implications-
What is an ethical implication?
The impact of the research on other people as well as your pps
126
Ethical implications- Implications for the research process-
What are all the ethical implications on research?
- research question
- dealing with pps
- the way findings are used
- the institutional context
- interpretation and application of findings
127
Ethical implications- Implications for the research process-
Who suggested the way questions are phrased may indicate the way findings are interpreted?
Sieber and Stanley 1988
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Ethical implications- Implications for the research process-
Who stated there was a heterosexual bias in relationship research?
Kitzinger and coyle 1995
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Ethical implications- Implications for the research process-
What issues arise when ‘dealing with pps’?
Informed consent, confidentiality, and psychological harm
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Ethical implications- Implications for the research process-
What is the issue with ‘the way findings are used’?
May be seen as giving scientific credit to existing prejudices
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Ethical implications- Implications for the research process-
What is the institutional context?
Researchers considering who is funding the data, and how the data will be used by them afterwards
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Ethical implications- Implications for the research process-
What is an example of ‘interpretation and application of findings’?
Hadow report (1926)- led to the creation of the 11+
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Ethical implications- examples of socially sensitive research-
which research links to the way findings are used?
- Romanian orphans
The fact that they had low IQs was published, which may decrease employability in the future
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Ethical implications- examples of socially sensitive research-
Which research links to the research question?
- role of the father
The question was never answered
135
Ethical implications- examples of socially sensitive research-
Which research is an example of dealing with pps?
- zimbardo
Pps had to seek further support outside of the study, and pps were deceived
