issues and debates

Question 1

gender bias

what is alpha bias?

Answer 1

a view that exaggerates the differences between women and men

Question 2

gender bias

what is gender bias?

Answer 2

resrearch that does not provide for both genders

Question 3

gender bias

what is beta bias?

Answer 3

a view that ignores or minimises the differnces between men and woman

Question 4

gender bias

what is universiality?

Answer 4

conclusions of reserarch that can be applied to everyone

Question 5

gender bias

what is andocentrism?

Answer 5

most research has judged male behaviour to be “normal” and women to be abnormal

Question 6

gender bias

gender bias A03:

Answer 6

social differences:
- most stuidies assume gender differences are biological when it can be social

sexism:
- universities are still dominated by men

publishing bias:
- still infrequently published and less funded which suggests its not taken seriously

Question 7

cultural bias

what is ethnocentrism?

Answer 7

judging other cultures from the values of your own

Question 8

cultural bias

what is cultural relativism?

Answer 8

the claim that ethical practices differ among cultures, and what is considered right in one culture may be considered wrong in another.

Question 9

cultural bias

what are emic constructs?

Answer 9

looking at behaviour inside of the cultural system

Question 10

cultural bias

what are etic constructs?

Answer 10

looking at behaviour outside of the cultural system

Question 11

cultural bias

what is imposed etic?

Answer 11

taking findings from one country and assuming it can be applied universally

Question 12

cultural bias

cultural bias A03:

Answer 12

indigenoeous psychology: researchers become more aware of the bias there has been a move using more native researchers

asch: when replicating aschs study there were differences in individulistic and collectivist cultutres

stereotyping: led to prejudice against other groups

Question 13

free will v determinism

what is the free will v determinism debate?

Answer 13

The free will vs. determinism debate revolves around how our behavior results from forces over which we have no control or whether people can decide to act or behave in a certain way.

Question 14

free will v determinism

how many types of determinism is there?

Answer 14

5

Question 15

free will v determinism

what is soft determinism?

Answer 15

behaviour does have causes but we also have the ability to make rational choices

Question 16

free will v determinism

what is hard determinism?

Answer 16

implies that free will isnt possible as our behaviour is always caused by internal and external events beyond our control

Question 17

free will v determinism

what is biological determinism?

Answer 17

behaviour is caused by our genes or hormones and is out of our control

Question 18

free will v determinism

what is environmental determinism?

Answer 18

behaviour is caused by features of the envrionment which cannot be controlled

Question 19

free will v determinism

what is psychic determinism?

Answer 19

caused by unconscious conflicts that we can not control

Question 20

free will v determinism

A03:

Answer 20

twin studies:
- never show us 100% concordance rates makes it unreasonably to assume that behaviour can be biologically determined

face validity:
- everyday experiences shows that we always have free will from choices we make everyday

legal implications:
- legal systems rely on free will to hold people responsible for crimes

Question 21

nature-nurture

what is nature?

Answer 21

influences on our behaviour that is inherited

Question 22

nature-nurture

what is nurture?

Answer 22

influences on our behaviour that comes from our envrionment

Question 23

nature-nurture

what is the interactionist approach?

Answer 23

looking at the relative contributions to nature-nurture rather than behaviour

Question 24

nature-nurture

what is the diathesis stress model?

Answer 24

behaviour have predisposition in our genes but requires an environmental trigger to be expressed

Question 25

# nature-nurture what are epigenetics?

Answer 25

refers to how life experiences can change the way our genes are expressed

Question 26

# nature-nurture A03:

Answer 26

adoption studies: - proved useful in understanding nature nurture as researchers can asses the heritibility of charatcersis without children having the same characrtersitics. real world application: - can predict the heritability of certain disorders moral implications: - discovering genteic predispositions can lead to gene editing by scientists

Question 27

# holism v reductionism what is holism?

Answer 27

to understand human behaviour by understsanding them as a whole and not its consitituent parts

Question 28

# holism v reductionism what are levels of explanation?

Answer 28

several ways to explain behaviour - lowest level: biological explanations - middle level: psychological explanantions - highest level: social and cultural explainations lowest levels are considered to be most reductionist

Question 29

# holism v reductionism what is reductionism?

Answer 29

analysing human behaviour by breaking it down into consitutent parts

Question 30

# holism v reductionism what is biological reductionism

Answer 30

includes the bioloical levekl and explains behaviour through genetics

Question 31

# holism v reductionism what is environmental reductionism?

Answer 31

all behaviour is learnt and can be explained through timulus response (conditioning)

Question 32

# holism v reductionism A03:

Answer 32

scientific: - reductionsist approach lends itself to scientific validation is holism pratical? - if there are many factors affecting someones behaviour then it is difficult to estabilish the best suited therapy simplistic: - using reductionist approach can be too simplistic for more complex behaviours

Question 33

# idiographic and nomothetic approach what is idiographic research?

Answer 33

- tends to be small scale and focuses on individuals and small groups - qualitative data, unstructured interviews. - focuses on detail and non numerical data - more ubjected and interested in individuals experiences

Question 34

# idiographic and nomothetic approach what are idiographic examples?

Answer 34

humanistic and psychodynamic due to in depth interviews and therapy conversations

Question 35

# idiographic and nomothetic approach what is nomothetic research?

Answer 35

- aims to create general laws - quantatitve data, strcutured questionnaires that follow a scientiufic method - numerical data and more objective due to standardised methods that can be replicated without bias

Question 36

# idiographic and nomothetic approach what are nomothetic examples?

Answer 36

behaviourist and biological approaches as laws of conditioning were created by skinner

Question 37

# idiographic and nomothetic approach A03:

Answer 37

both can be used: - scientific: - have scientific credibility due to standardised and objective methods losing the person: - nomothetic approach ignores the 'whole person' concept in psychology

Question 38

# ethical implications what are the ethical implications?

Answer 38

- examines the complications a research could have

Question 39

# ethical implications what is social sensitivity?

Answer 39

research that has ethical implications that go beyond the research situation and affect people/groups in wider society

Question 40

# ethical implications what are the three ethical implications?

Answer 40

research question: - how research questions are phrased could influence the interpretation of findings dealing with participants: - DRCCPP should all be considered socially sensitive psychologicla research how findings are used: - consider how their findings might be used publicly

Question 41

# ethical implications A03:

Answer 41

reduce prejudice: - helps reducef prejudice as it increasing our understanding in certain groups real world application: - gov looks into socially sensitive research to inform policies poor research: - poor research into socially sensitive reserach can have a lasting impact