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Issues And Debates Flashcards

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1
Q

What is gender bias

A

The difference in representation of men and women which is based on stereotypes not real differences

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2
Q

What is alpha bias in relation to gender bias

A

When differences between men and women are exaggerated which results in theories that devalue one gender in comparison to the other

Psychodynamic approach

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3
Q

What is beta bias in relation to gender and give an example

A

Theories that ignore or minimise gender differences which leads to misrepresentation of a gender

Ie fight or flight as male only samples were used believed that women were the same

Shelly Taylor contradicts this women do fight or flight

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4
Q

What ie universality

A

This is the aim to develop theories that can be applied to all people and it may include real differences

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5
Q

What is androcentrism

A

Theories focused on men alone and it often leads to neglect and exclusion of women which may result in alpha and beta bias

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6
Q

Give 4 evaluation points for gender bias ins psychology

A

Feminist psychology

Bias in research methods

Reverse alpha bias

Avoiding beta bias

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7
Q

Describe and explain feminist psychology as an evualtion point for gender bias

A

By taking a Feminist perspective androcentrism can be countered

They state that biological explanations are the cause of differences in psychology,the social constructionist approach aims to under behaviour in terms of social processes in an aim to find a way to greater equality

They are argue that socially determinesd stereotypes are the greatest cause of differences associated with men and women and only when these stereotypes change equality will follow

They are showing that equality wil occur when changes in our though processes to do with what men and women do change

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8
Q

Describe and explain” bias in research methods “as an evaluation point of gender bias

A

Psychologists believe that methods of testing and observation in gender are users which causes males and females to be views as different

Rosenthal found an issue in methods is the researchers gender they found That male researchers were more pleasant and encouraging towards females than to males participants
It resulted in male participants not doing as well

Shows how bias in methods of tease have Can cause false negatives in comparing female and male ability

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9
Q

Describe and explain reverse alpha bias as an evaluation point of gender bias

A

A way to counter attack gender bias especially alpha bias is to develop theories that emphasise the value of women while showing differences in men and women

This is is seen in resarch ie cornwell et al which shows women are better at learning as they are more flexible,attentive and organised

It shows that by showing women in a more positive light than men we can’t prevent gender biased and challenge any stereotypes

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10
Q

Describe and explain avoiding beta bias as an evaluation point of gender bias

A

This is that although it allowed for greater equality it overlooks women special needs and
Differences in power between men and women

Ie if men and women had equal parental leave it would ignore the biological demands of pregnancy,child birth

It shows although beta bias sees men and women we equal their some mitigating circumstances that men they should be treated differently

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11
Q

What is culture bias

A

This is the tendency to judge all people in terms of your own cultural assumptions which can distort or biases your judgement

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12
Q

What is culture

A

These are rules,customs morals and ways of communicating that bring members of a society together

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13
Q

What is alpha bias in relation to culture and give examples

A

These are theories that assume that there are large difference between culture groups

Ie large difference made between collectivist and individualistic groups

Ie takano and Osaka reviews 15 studies that compared US and Japan in terms of individualism and collectivism,14/15 didn’t share the common view about the differences between the two groups (showing the view isn’t valid

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14
Q

What is beta bias in relation to culture

A

These are theories that minimise/ignore cultural differences they assume all cultures are the same and they share the same beliefs

This is seen in IQ test that are based on western ideals and cultures that are used in non western people as they make them seem less intelligent

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15
Q

What is ethnocentrism

A

This is when we use our own ethinic or cultural group as a basis for judgements about other groups

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16
Q

What is alpha bias in terms of ethnocentrism

A

It can lead to people believing their culture is better and it leads to devaluing other culture and their practices

Ie people from individualistic culture may believe independence is better than dependence

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17
Q

What is beta bias in relation to ethnocentrism

A

It can lead to people/psychologists believing their world view is the only view

Ie IQ tests,the American IQ tests ere used all over the world as it assumed American standards are universal

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18
Q

What is meant by cultural relativism

A

This is the the idea that all culture are worthy of respect and we can’t judge behaviour unless we view it in the context of the culture

Ie arranged marriages

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19
Q

What’s alpha bias in terms of cultural relativism

A

It can lead to psychologist overlooking universal due to assuming their are real differences

Ie Margert and mead research in PNG she concluded initially that due to culture their were significant gender differences only to later find universals that in all culture men were more aggressive than women

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20
Q

What is beta bias in terms in cultural relativism

A

It’s discussed in terms of mental disorder

As some behaviours common in one culture and can be statically infrequent in another ie hearing voices

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21
Q

Name some evaluation points for culture bias

A

Indigenous psychologies

Emic and etic approach

Consequences of cultural bias

World wide psychology community

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22
Q

Describe the evaluation point of indigenous psychologies for cultural bias

A

This is used to counter ethnocentrism in psychology. It’s the development of different groups of theories in different countries

Ie Afrocentrism the movement is that all black people have their roots in Africa and so the psychological theories must be African centred and express African values,it disputes European values as they aren’t relevant to African people

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23
Q

Describe and explain the emic and etic approach as an evaluation point for culture bias

A

Emic- they emphasise that every culture is unique and it focuses on culturally specfic phenomena

Etic approach-they seek universals of behaviour,the way to achieve this is use indigenous researches in each cultural setting

So both approaches aim to find similarities and differences in cultures without being disrespectful and devaluing another culture

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24
Q

Describe and explain the evaluation point consequences of cultural bias

A

IQ tests done by the us army which was based in American values

The tests showed that European immigrants fell below white Americans in terms of IQ and African Americans were bottom of the scale with the lowest mental age ,

This resulted in stereotypes concerning ethnic groups and IQ and concentration thus they were devalued

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25
Describe and explain the evaluation point the worldwide psychology community of culture bias
This is that Academics hold international conferences where researchers many different countries and cultures discuss and exchange ideas,as a result it reduces ethnocentrism in psychology enables an understanding of cultural relativism Enables them to have an increased understanding of other cultures which aids in diminishing culture bias
26
What is determinism
The view that either external or internal forces are responsible for controlling someone behaviour
27
What is free will
That each individual has power to control and to make choices over their behaviour
28
State the 3 types of determinism
Psychic Biological Environmental
29
What is biological determinism and give some examples of studies that show this
This argues that our genes are responsible in controlling our behaviour Research by Hill et al They found people with high IQ contain a certain gene IG F2R Neurotransmitters with OCD and depression
30
What is environmental determinism (external)
That our behaviour is caused by our pas experience along with classical and operant conditioning Ie phobias developing,negative reinforcement and positive reinforcement
31
What is psychic determinism
That innate drives(internal and early experiences(external) are what determine adult behaviour
32
According to psychic determinism what drives our behaviour
Libido drives our behaviour
33
What is scientific determinism
It based on the belief that all events have a cause and that an Iv is manipulated to see the causal effect on the DV Ie Harlow monkeys
34
What does the humanistic approach state about importance of free will and the cause of our behaviour
It states that self determinism is an important part of human behaviour as it's needed for self development and actualisation And that as along as we are controlled by others they cannot take responsibility for their behaviour
35
What is meant by moral responsibility
That an individual is in charge of their own actions so must be held accountable Ie kids and mentally ill
36
Give some evaluation points for free will and determinism
Concordance results show that 100% determination can be found in either genetic or environmental determinism Scientific determinism oversimplifies our behaviour Illusion of free will-BF skinner Culturally relativism
37
What is meant by hard and soft determinism
Hard determinism is the view that there's no free will and all behaviour can be predicted Soft determinism- this version states theirs so element of free will
38
Describe and explain the evaluation point that genetic and environmental determinism isn't 100%
Research in studies of twins has found that it's doubtful to find result that's find either 100% environmental or genetic determinism Ie studies comparing twins found 80% similarity in intelligence and 40% in depression Results support the fact that genetic determinism and environmental determinism rather than being separate work in tandem with each and as a result both impact on behaviour together
39
Describe and explain the evaluation point that scientific determinism oversimplifies human behaviour
This is that they aren't appropriate for investigating human behaviour as it's less rigid and has several influences ie cognitive factors Meaning finding a simple determinst formula for psychological research is unrealistic
40
Describe and evaluate the evaluation of point of illusion of free will
BF skinner stated that just because we can decide between different courses of action that this isn't free will and that the choices we make are determined by previous reinforcement experiences Ie a person may choose to buy a certain car or see a certain film but these choices are determined by previous reinforcement experiences Limitation shows free will doesn't really exist
41
Describe and evaluate the evaluation point of culturally relative for free will
The idea of free will and self determination may only be appropriate for individualist societies only As collectivist cultures place greater value on behaviour being determined by group needs So can't be applied to everyone
42
What is determinism
The view that either external or internal forces are responsible for controlling someone behaviour
43
What is free will
That each individual has power to control and to make choices over their behaviour
44
State the 3 types of determinism
Psychic Biological Environmental
45
What is biological determinism and give some examples of studies that show this
This argues that our genes are responsible in controlling our behaviour Research by Hill et al They found people with high IQ contain a certain gene IG F2R Neurotransmitters with OCD and depression
46
What is environmental determinism (external)
That our behaviour is caused by our pas experience along with classical and operant conditioning Ie phobias developing,negative reinforcement and positive reinforcement
47
What is psychic determinism
That innate drives(internal and early experiences(external) are what determine adult behaviour
48
According to psychic determinism what drives our behaviour
Libido drives our behaviour
49
What is scientific determinism
It based on the belief that all events have a cause and that an Iv is manipulated to see the causal effect on the DV Ie Harlow monkeys
50
What does the humanistic approach state about importance of free will and the cause of our behaviour
It states that self determinism is an important part of human behaviour as it's needed for self development and actualisation And that as along as we are controlled by others they cannot take responsibility for their behaviour
51
What is meant by moral responsibility
That an individual is in charge of their own actions so must be held accountable Ie kids and mentally ill
52
Give some evaluation points for free will and determinism
Concordance results show that 100% determination can be found in either genetic or environmental determinism Scientific determinism oversimplifies our behaviour Illusion of free will-BF skinner Culturally relativism
53
What is meant by hard and soft determinism
Hard determinism is the view that there's no free will and all behaviour can be predicted Soft determinism- this version states theirs so element of free will
54
Describe and explain the evaluation point that genetic and environmental determinism isn't 100%
Research in studies of twins has found that it's doubtful to find result that's find either 100% environmental or genetic determinism Ie studies comparing twins found 80% similarity in intelligence and 40% in depression Results support the fact that genetic determinism and environmental determinism rather than being separate work in tandem with each and as a result both impact on behaviour together
55
Describe and explain the evaluation point that scientific determinism oversimplifies human behaviour
This is that they aren't appropriate for investigating human behaviour as it's less rigid and has several influences ie cognitive factors Meaning finding a simple determinst formula for psychological research is unrealistic
56
What is nature and what is nurture
Nature- that innate biological/genetic/factors are responsible for our behaviour Nurture- that environmental influences are the cause of our behaviour
57
Give examples of explanations of the influence of nature on our behaviour
Genetic explanations- ie family,twin and adoption studies show that the closer two people are genetically the more likely they are too develop some behaviour s Evolutionary explanations- state that a behaviour/characteristic that promotes reproduction/survival will be passed on by natural selection ie attachment
58
Give examples of explanations that show the influence of nurture on our behaviour
Behaviourism- they state that ours experiences can be used to explain our behaviour in the form of operant and classical conditioning Ie phobia SLT- It states we learn through observation and vicarious reinforcement
59
What is the interactionist approach
This is the view that processes of nature and nurture work together rathar than in opposition
60
Give 4 evaluation points for nature and nurture
Diathesis stress Nurture Epigenetics
61
Describe and explain the evaluation point diathesis stress for nature nurture
It's a genetic vulnerability to developing disorders however not everyone who has the genes will develop The genes for the disorder are expressed as a result of a stressor(nurture) So the certain conditions of nurture cause a person nature to be expressed
62
Describe and explain the evaluation point nurture affecting nature
Maguire et al taxi drives They found taxi drivers had increase in size of their hippocampus in comparison to controls this was because of increased nurture by having to use regions associated with spatial memory it developed more
63
Describe and explain the evaluation point of epigentics for nature and nurture
These are chemical markers on the DNA that control the switching on and off of genes and they are passed on It's useful for showing influence of nuture on twins as they have the same DNA so any differences can be attributed to the influence of the environment
64
What is meant by reductionism
When complex phenomenon are broken down into more simpler components ie mental disorders using only genetic explanations
65
Describe and explain the layers of explanation in the reductionist approach
Highest level - how social groups impact out behaviour and looking at their and cultural explanations for our behaviour Middle level1 psychological explanations of behaviour Lower level - biological explanations ie hormones
66
What is meant by biological reductionism and give an example
This is that biological psychologists reduce our behaviour to the action of neurons,neurotransmitters In explaining mental illnesses ie schizophrenia It's said to result from excessive activity of dopamine
67
What is meant by environmental reductionism and give an example
These are behaviourist explanations which state that behaviour can be reduced to a relationship between said behaviour and events in the environment Ie development of phobia and attachment
68
What is meant by experimental reductionism
Behaviours are reduced to operationalised variable that can be manipulated and measured s to determine causal relationships
69
What is meant by holism
That the essence of behaviour can't be expressed by simple components we must focus on behaviour as a whole not just some of its parts
70
What is gestalt psychology
It focuses on perception and states that explanations on what we witness can only make sense when we consider the whole
71
Give 4 evaluation points for reductionism
Dangers of low levels explanations Strength of biological reductionism is drug therapies Limitation various difficulties a In drug therapy Weakness of environmental reductionism
72
Describe and explain the evaluation point danger of low levels of explanations
Issues are created if Lower levels of reductionist explanations are taken in isolation as it can lead to errors in understanding behaviour as well as overlooking the meaning of behaviour Ie Wolpe treated a woman who had a fear of insects and found no improvement after using a behaviourist explanation.he later found her khusband whom u had marital issue w with has an insect nickname meaning her fear resulted from her mstoyrsk issues rather than. Conditioning Shows that by focusing solely on Lower levels to leads to errors in understanding behshiourbotibrond
73
Describe how drug therapies are a strength of biological reductionism (evaluation )
Biological explanations have lead to the development of drug therapies this in turn has lead to a reduction in the use of institution as drug treatments are faster less time consuming and cheaper for patients furthermore they are seen as a more humane way to treat patients It shows how beneficial in real life
74
State how drug therapies difficulties can be an issue with biological reductionism
The success rates are variable and they don't treat the cause of mental disorders just the symptoms so they don't last particularly long,research has shown psychological therapies are better as they take into account the causes of mental ailments Weakness as it shows limitations in biological reductionism as in terms of drug therapies it isn't consistently successful Furthermore shows an issue with reductionism as only part of the problem is solved as a result of breaking down behaviour
75
What are issues with environmental reductionism (evaluation point)
Non human animals were used in experiments as the behavioural approach was developed meaning environmental reductionism can be used to explain their behaviour It can't be used to explain human behaviour as it's more complex we have many influences on our behaviour such as intentions, social context k,therefore reductionist explanations ignore emotion and cognition Shows environmental reductionism can't be applied to humans as the use of animals means we can't extrapolate the findings to us
76
What is an idiographic approach
It involves the study of individuals and it emphasises uniqueness and it uses qualitative methods
77
What are qualitivative data and give examples Of them
It studies uniqueness and individuals in depth and dosent use numerical data Quality not quantity Unstructured interview Case studies Thematic analysis
78
What is the nomothetic approach
It involves studying large numbers of people in order to make generalisations Uses quantitative data we
79
What is quantitative research and give examples
It's research based on numbers and statistical analysis MCT Spearmans rank
80
Give 4 evaluation points for the idiographic and nomothetic approach
Strength of idiographic is it that it focuses on an individual level Idiographic isn't scientific enough Can't make predications with idiographic can with nomothetic Time consuming
81
Describe and explain how the idiographic approach focuses on an individual level
Before many humanistic psychologists felt that psychology put to much h empathises on statistics The benefit of the idiographic approach is that it focuses psychology on being on more of an individual level not just statistics alone and enables us to understand human behaviour more
82
Describe how the idiographic approach not being scientific enough is an issue with it
Approaches in psychology like the humanistic approach that use the idiographic graphic approach are critised as they aren't sufficiently evident based and lack empirical evidence This means the results can't be deemed valid
83
Describe and explain and the evaluation point of being able to make predications for the nomothetic and idiographic approach
It's been argued that we can't make predictions with. The idiographic approach but we can with the nomothetic It's means nomothetic is more useful when we want to make predications bout people's behaviour Idiographic can't make predictions about how large populations will act
84
How is the idiographic approach time consuming and why s it an issue
It's takes a lot of time as large pieces of data are collected about an individual which takes time to be analysed In contrast the nomothetic approach takes large pieces of data of several people which can be analysed quicker Shows nomothetic approach is the more efficient approach
85
What is meant by socially sensitivity research
Any research that could have direct social consequences for participants in the group they represent or who are in the research
86
State the 3 properties of the attachment theory in explaining attachment behaviour behaviour
Proximity seeking behaviours-this is when individuals aim to reduce distance between their attachment figures this can be seen in PSR fans may follow their favourite celeb on social media fan mail Protest at disruption Secure base
87
How does the attachment provide a secure base
The presence of the attachment provides the individual with a sense of security as theirs a small chance of rejection
88
What is protest at disruption
This is the prolonged distress as a result of separation of the attachment figure
89
What attachment style is most likely to form a parasocial relationships and why
Insecure resistant this is because they want to satisfy their unrealistic and unmet relationship needs and that they reflect their desire for intimacy
90
Give reasons as to why prs are formed
Shy/loneliness Less risk of rejection Perception of attractiveness and perception of homiphily
91
What is the absorption addiction model
That to establish a sense of fulfilment individuals become psychologically absorbed with a celebrity and that these motivational forces become addictive
92
What are the 3 stages of absorption addiction model
Entertainment social Intense-personal Borderline pathological
93
What is entertainment social
This is that fans will watch and keep up with and learn about their favourite celeb for the purpose of entertainment and gossip
94
What is intense personal
They have compulsive feelings about the celeb and begin to talk to others who to admire their favourite celeb
95
What is borderline pathological
This is characterisesd by over identification with the celeb as well as having uncontrollable behaviour and fantisis about their favourite celeb Ie cut themselves
96
How does from absorption lead to addiction in the model
The motivational forces change due to addiction being effortless
97
Give 4 evaluation points for the absorption addiction model
Schiappa et al -strength Cultural similarities Link to mental health Mccutchon
98
What did schiappa et al find and how is it a strength
They found a significant positive relationship between the degree to which a person perceives a tv character as being real and their tendency to form PSRs they also found support that the likelihood of forming PSR with tv characters was linked to the characters perceived attractiveness and similarity to the viewer Strength supports factors that lead to PSR forming perception of homophiliy and perception of attractiveness
99
State research that has shown link between mental health and the absorption addiction model AO3
Malibu used the EPQ to assess the relationship between parasocial relationships They found the intense personal level was associated with neuroticism and in addition to this that this is linked to anxiety and depression This research can be used in intervention stratigies
100
Explain research that has shown cultural similarities in parasocial relationships
SCHmid and kilmmmy found similarities in PArs formed with harry porter in two contrasting cultures in Germany and Mexico and in an online survey found that fans from both cultures admired him and found commonalities between their own lives and relationships in the film
101
What did MCcutchon find to support the absorption addiction model and state issues with his study
They used a celebrity attitude scale and a stalking scale and measured adult attachment using a relationship questionnaire They found those with insecure attachment types were more likely to think stalking was acceptable and there was a relationship between pathological attachment and the tendency to stalk Supports attachment type causing prs Issues with the study is that the study has methodological issues as attachment is linked with but not the cause of stalking it also required self report and an issue with this is retrospective classification

Psychology (7 decks)

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