Issues on Artificial Reproduction its Morality and EthicoMoral Responsibility of Nurses

Question 1

Methods used to achieve pregnancy through the use of artificial or partially artificial means.

Answer 1

Assisted Reproductive Technology

Question 2

Assisted Reproductive Technology is grossly used for ______.

Answer 2

infertility treatment

Question 3

Defines as the act through which sperm is placed into a female’s uterus, or the intrauterine method, or into the cervix, or the intracervical method

Answer 3

Assisted Reproductive Technology

Question 4

sperm is placed into a female’s uterus,

Answer 4

intrauterine method

Question 5

sperm is placed into a female’s cervix

Answer 5

intracervical method

Question 6

TWO PROCESS THAT AI EMPLOYS:

Answer 6

1. Homologous or Artificial Insemination from the Husband (AIH)
2. Heterologous or Artificial Insemination from a Donor (AID)

Question 7

sperm of the Husband of the Woman

Answer 7

Homologous or Artificial Insemination from the Husband (AIH)

Question 8

sperm of a construed donor

Answer 8

Heterologous or Artificial Insemination from a Donor (AID)

Question 9

It must be clear that in AIH or AID, it is the ___ who is incapable of reproduction and not the ____.

Answer 9

wife; husband

Question 10

RISKS of ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION (3)

Answer 10

Multiple Delivery

Preterm Delivery

Birth – Weight Delivery

Question 11

Some Catholic Theolegians argue that the AIH is acceptable while AID is not for it is equivalent to ______.

Answer 11

‘‘permitted’’ adultery

Question 12

Children conceived or born during the marriage of the parents are legitimate.
Children conceived as a result of artificial insemination of the wife with the sperm of the husband or that of a donor or both are likewise legitimate children of the husband and his wife, provided, that both of them authorized or ratified such insemination in a written instrument executed and signed by them before the birth of the child. The instrument shall be recorded in the civil registry together with the birth certificate of the child.

Answer 12

(Executive Order No. 209, s. 1987)

Chapter 1, Art. 164

THE FAMILY CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES under PATERNITY AND FILIATION

Question 13

the world’s very first IVF baby

Answer 13

Louise Brown

Question 14

is a procedure in which eggs are removed from a woman and fertilized in laboratory dish (either husband or another man) embryos are then implanted in a woman, where egg may be brought to term. (Edge & Groves, 2019)

Answer 14

In-Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

Question 15

REASONS WHY IVF IS DONE (2)

Answer 15

infertility
desire to have a child without male partner (Staff, 2019)

Question 16

BEFORE IVF: (3)

Answer 16

-Fertility
-Semen Sample
-Donor sperm

Question 17

STEPS OF IVF: (5)

Answer 17

Ovarian Stimulation
Egg Retrieval
Sperm Retrieval
Fertilization
Embryo transfer

Question 18

If you’re using your own eggs duringIVF, at the start of a cycle you’ll begin treatment with _______ to stimulate your ovaries to produce multiple eggs — rather than the single egg that normally develops each month. Multiple eggs are needed because some eggs _______ after fertilization.

Answer 18

synthetic hormones; won’t fertilize or develop normally

Question 19

To determine when the eggs are ready for collection, your doctor will likely perform: (2)

Answer 19

Vaginal ultrasound
Blood tests

Question 20

an imaging exam of your ovaries to monitor the development of follicles where eggs mature

Answer 20

Vaginal ultrasound

Question 21

to measure your response to ovarian stimulation medications — estrogen levels typically increase as follicles develop, and progesterone levels remain low until after ovulation

Answer 21

Blood tests

Question 22

Blood tests

to measure your response to ovarian stimulation medications — ____ levels typically _____ as follicles develop, and ____ levels remain ____ until after ovulation

Answer 22

estrogen levels typically increase; progesterone levels remain low until after ovulation

Question 23

WHAT STEP OF IVF?

If you’re using your own eggs duringIVF, at the start of a cycle you’ll begin treatment with synthetic hormones to stimulate your ovaries to produce multiple eggs — rather than the single egg that normally develops each month. Multiple eggs are needed because some eggs won’t fertilize or develop normally after fertilization.

Answer 23

Ovulation Induction

Question 24

WHAT STEP OF IVF?

During ____, you’ll be sedated and given pain medication.
An ultrasound probe is inserted into your vagina to identify follicles. Then a thin needle is inserted into an ultrasound guide to go through the vagina and into the follicles to retrieve the eggs.
If your ovaries aren’t accessible through transvaginal ultrasound, an abdominal ultrasound may be used to guide the needle.
The eggs are removed from the follicles through a needle connected to a suction device. Multiple eggs can be removed in about 20 minutes.

Answer 24

Egg Retrieval

Question 25

_______ is the usual retrieval method for egg retrieval.

Answer 25

Transvaginal ultrasound aspiration

Question 26

After egg retrieval, you may experience ______.

Answer 26

cramping and feelings of fullness or pressure.

Question 27

Egg Retrieval An ______ is inserted into your vagina to identify follicles. Then a ______ is inserted into an ultrasound guide to go through the vagina and into the ____ to retrieve the eggs.

Answer 27

ultrasound probe; thin needle; follicles

Question 28

Egg Retrieval If your ovaries aren't accessible through transvaginal ultrasound, an ______ ultrasound may be used to guide the needle. The eggs are removed from the follicles through a needle connected to a suction device. Multiple eggs can be removed in about __ minutes.

Answer 28

abdominal; 20

Question 29

Egg Retrieval Mature eggs are placed in a _______ (culture medium) and incubated. Eggs that appear healthy and mature will be mixed with sperm to attempt to create ____. However, not all eggs may be successfully fertilized.

Answer 29

nutritive liquid; embryos

Question 30

If you're using your partner's sperm, he'll provide a semen sample at your doctor's office or a clinic through masturbation the morning of egg retrieval.

Answer 30

Sperm Retrieval

Question 31

Sperm Retrieval If you're using your partner's sperm, he'll provide a semen sample at your doctor's office or a clinic through _________.

Answer 31

masturbation the morning of egg retrieval

Question 32

the use of a needle or surgical procedure to extract sperm directly from the testicle

Answer 32

testicular aspiration

Question 33

Sperm Retrieval ____ sperm also can be used.

Answer 33

Donor

Question 34

Sperm Retrieval Sperm are separated from the ______ in the ___.

Answer 34

semen fluid; lab

Question 35

Fertilization can be attempted using two common methods:

Answer 35

Conventional insemination Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) 

Question 36

healthy sperm and mature eggs are mixed and incubated overnight.

Answer 36

Conventional insemination

Question 37

a single healthy sperm is injected directly into each mature egg. 

Answer 37

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) 

Question 38

done at your doctor's office or a clinic and usually takes place two to five days after egg retrieval.

Answer 38

EMBRYO TRANSFER

Question 39

Embryo transfer is done at your doctor's office or a clinic and usually takes place __ to __ days after egg retrieval.

Answer 39

two to five days after egg retrieval.

Question 40

EMBRYO TRANSFER You might be given a mild ____. The procedure is usually painless, although you might experience mild cramping. The doctor will insert a long, thin, flexible tube called a ____ into your ___, through your ____ and into your ____.

Answer 40

sedative; catheter; into your vagina, through your cervix and into your uterus.

Question 41

EMBRYO TRANSFER A syringe containing one or more ________ is attached to the end of the catheter.

Answer 41

embryos suspended in a small amount of fluid

Question 42

EMBRYO TRANSFER Using the syringe, the doctor places the embryo or embryos into your _____.

Answer 42

uterus

Question 43

EMBRYO TRANSFER If successful, an embryo will implant in the _______ about __ to __ days after egg retrieval. (Staff, 2019)

Answer 43

lining of your uterus; six to 10 days after egg retrieval

Question 44

RISKS OF IVF (6)

Answer 44

Multiple births Premature delivery and low birth weight Ovarian hyper stimulation syndrome Miscarriage Egg-retrieval procedure complications.  Ectopic pregnancy. (Staff, 2019)

Question 45

Ethical Issues Concerning IVF The process results in extra or “____” embryos that may then be disposed of, frozen, or experimented on, none of which is without its detractors. For those who believe human life is sacred from the moment of conception than the process of IVF and what happens to excess embryo becomes a ______.

Answer 45

spare; moral dilemma

Question 46

Ethical Issues Concerning IVF Although __ success rate with thawed embryos may be acceptable to laboratory animals, probably not acceptable with humans particularly if failure or partial failure is not detectable in later life Once frozen, embryos may outlive the donor thus increase possibility of _________ Use of _____ in medical research with the aim to treat diseases like Parkinson also for transplantation (Edge & Groves, 2019)

Answer 46

90%; postmortem conception and birth; embryonic tissue

Question 47

According to the _______ provides: the State shall protect and promote the right to health of the people and instill health consciousness among them. A fundamental part of human experience is fulfilling the desire to reproduce.

Answer 47

Fourteenth Congress of the Philippines S.B. 1342, the Constitution, Article II, Section 15

Question 48

This act is an act requiring coverage for the treatment of infertility in any group health plan or health insurance.

Answer 48

“Family Build Act of 2007”

Question 49

In case of ________- , coverage shall be provided if the participant or beneficiary has been unable to bring a pregnancy into a live birth through less costly medically appropriate infertility treatments. The patient has not undergone four complete oocyte retrievals.

Answer 49

assisted reproductive technology (ART)

Question 50

It occurs when a woman agrees to carry a baby to term and give it up to another set of parents to raise.

Answer 50

Surrogate Motherhood

Question 51

Surrogate Motherhood is sometimes done for ___ or ____.

Answer 51

money or favor

Question 52

Kinds of Surrogate Motherhood: (2)

Answer 52

Altruistic surrogacy Commercial surrogacy

Question 53

When a woman offers herself to carry the child of an infertile couple — or of others — for philanthropic reason, not for money.

Answer 53

Altruistic surrogacy

Question 54

When it is carried out for financial gain, and is often called womb for rent or womb for hire: “a woman offers herself to carry a pregnancy in exchange for money.”

Answer 54

Commercial surrogacy

Question 55

Commercial surrogacy is often called ____ or _____.

Answer 55

womb for rent or womb for hire

Question 56

Ethical Issues Concerning Surrogate Motherhood Unethical for women to be ___.

Answer 56

used

Question 57

Ethical Issues Concerning Surrogate Motherhood Economic _____ for women who have few economic option

Answer 57

opportunity

Question 58

Ethical Issues Concerning Surrogate Motherhood Legitimacy of _____.

Answer 58

selling humans

Question 59

Ethical Issues Concerning Surrogate Motherhood ____ viewed as deeply personal experience that should never be undergone for the sake of others

Answer 59

Pregnancy

Question 60

____ find practice of surrogacy problematic since birth mother is clearly used as an incubator and not regarded as rational actor.

Answer 60

Kantians

Question 61

Kantians find practice of surrogacy problematic since birth mother is clearly used as an ____ and not regarded as _____.

Answer 61

clearly used as an incubator and not regarded as rational actor.

Question 62

Kantians in favor as long as long as there is _____ and if woman is paid and agrees to donate her body for selfless reasons and is acting as ____; and _____ individual

Answer 62

no overt coercion; rational; and autonomous individual

Question 63

Kantians disagree with it are more likely to compare the practice to a clinical form of ______ without the act of sex

Answer 63

prostitution

Question 64

_______ against surrogacy could grant simple equation which is the birth mother is given money and the contracting parents get a child they could not otherwise have but then argue that the long term consequences in one or more ways.

Answer 64

Utilitarian argument

Question 65

another argument argues that ______ of birth mother outweighs the ____ gained by the contracting parents. (Edge & Groves, 2019)

Answer 65

pain of separation; happiness

Question 66

According to the _______-- introduced by _______-, surrogate parenting is a concept that is relatively new in this country, although for a long time it has been widely known in the U S . and in other well- developed countries. Surrogate motherhood is nothing but baby selling. It is similar to the generic experiments that are done with animals who are bred for certain purposes. A woman becomes a surrogate mother when she agrees to conceive a child in her womb only to give away the child after birth to another person for a valuable consideration. Babies are not products like microwave ovens and automobiles.

Answer 66

Thirteenth Congress of the Republic of the Philippines Senate Bill No. 2344; Senator Manny Villar

Question 67

Pregnancy should never be reduced to a ______-. The enclosed bill proposes to penalize not only surrogacy arrangement but also the act of selling infants by their mothers. The practice of surrogacy arrangement is morally and religiously wrong. We see no difference between surrogate motherhood and black-market baby selling. Hence, both practices are outlawed in this bill.

Answer 67

commercial service