Issues (PAPER 1) Flashcards
1
Q
What are the four main types of issues caused by technology
A
- ethical issues
- legal issues
- cultural issues
- environmental issues
2
Q
What are ethical issues
A
issues related to what is considered right and wrong by society
3
Q
What are legal issues
A
issues relating to what is right and wrong in the eyes of the law
4
Q
What are cultural issues
A
issues about how groups of people with particular beliefs, practices and languages may be affected
5
Q
What are environmental issues
A
issues relating to how we impact the natural world
6
Q
What is a code of conduct
A
a set of rules that the company and its employees will follow
7
Q
What is a stakeholder (in computing)
A
anyone with an interest in, or who may be affected by a technology
8
Q
Why is it hard to keep information private on the Internet (4)
A
- Many websites require users to provide personal information
- Social media encourages people to post personal information
- Cloud computing allows for users to upload personal files to their servers
- Companies sell data
9
Q
What are some ways users leak information to the public (3)
A
- don’t change their privacy settings
- not paying attention to T&Cs
- Losing devices / Having them stolen
10
Q
What is internet censorship
A
When someone tries to control what other people can access on the Internet
11
Q
What sorts of websites are censored in countries such as China
A
- websites critical of the government
- major foreign websites e.g. Facebook, YouTube, Twitter
12
Q
What are common reasons for censorship (4)
A
- to protect children from inappropriate websites
- to restrict the spread of fake news
- protect national / personal security
- maintain political stability
13
Q
What is computer surveillance
A
When someone monitors what others are accessing on the internet
14
Q
What sort of surveillance techniques do governments use
- why do they do this
A
Packet sniffers, other software
- looking for key words that might alert them to illegal activities, terrorism etc.
15
Q
What does ISP stand for
A
Internet Service Providers
16
Q
what are the terms that describe what non-profit organisations try to prevent (censorship and surveillance)
A
- cyber censorship
- mass surveillance
17
Q
What are 6 groups of people that can be affected by the actions of a technology company
A
- customers
- owners
- employees
- workers of shops that sell their products
- hardware suppliers
- local community
18
Q
What are three problems with many online companies’ privacy agreements
A
- compulsory to agree to
- vague terms
- people often don’t read due to length
19
Q
Why would someone give their personal details to a website
A
- required to make an account
- encouraged by social media
20
Q
How has peer pressure increased due to technology
A
- people feel pressure to own the latest devices for fear of bullying
- parents feel pressured to buy new devices for their children
21
Q
Why can technology cause stress
A
- ## a device may send a notification every time a work email comes - spreads work to everyday life
22
Q
How can technology affect mental and physical health
A
- eyestrain
- repetitive strain injury
- back problems
- lack of face-to-face social interactions
- Cyber - bullying
23
Q
What does RSI stand for
- what is it
A
Repetitive Strain Injury
- when parts of the body become damaged as a result of repeated movements over a long time
24
Q
What is cyber bullying
A
when someone uses social media to deliberately harm someone else
25
What is trolling
- why is it done
when someone tries to cause public arguments with others
- for their own amusement or to gain attention
26
Why does anonymity increase cyberbullying and trolling
people are encouraged to say things they wouldn't say face-to-face because there is no fear of being recognised
27
What is parental control software
software that can
- stop children from being able to search for inappropriate material
- allow the parent / organisation to see what the child is doing on their phone
28
What is sexting
sending sexually explicit messages or images to other people
29
Why can sexting be dangerous
- the person receiving the images may not be trustworthy
- they are able to forward these images to anyone
30
What does the word 'viral' mean
images, videos or messages on the internet which have rapidly spread over social media and seen by millions of people
31
Why would an organisation / individual want a promotional campaign to be viral
so that it would be seen by millions of people and therefore publicised to a large audience
32
What does allowing people to publish writings and media to social media and blogging websites do
give a voice to groups of people who may have been ignored by mainstream media
33
What is the sharing economy
- what are some examples
- what are the pros and cons
the name given to services which use new technology to let people make money from things they already own
- Uber, Airbnb
- Cheaper
- More risky, draw customers away from larger, more trustworthy companies
34
Why does the digital divide exist
- why does it put the less-fortunate at a disadvantage
- what are some causes of the digital divide
Because some people have a greater access to technology than others
- they can't access many services that are available online
- poor network coverage, not enough money, older generation are inexperienced with computers
35
How is the global divide created
by differing levels of access to technology in different countries
36
How does the internet and technology increase the inequality between poorer and richer countries
- access to technology is different in different countries
- people in richer countries have better access to technology than poorer countries
- the internet and technology has created lots of opportunities for those with access
- therefore increasing the inequality
37
What is 'One Laptop Per Child'
a charity which provides laptops to children in Africa, Central Asia and South America
38
What are common raw materials used in electronic devices
- what are the drawbacks of using these
Crude Oil (plastics)
Gold, Silver, Copper, Mercury, Palladium, Indium, Platinum
- many of these only exist in small quantities in the earth
- extracting these materials uses lots of energy, creates pollution
39
In what way is pollution created through using electricity
energy is often created using non-renewable sources like coal, oil and gas.
- The energy is used to create electricity which is used in devices
40
Why do servers use lots of energy
they are power hungry - lots of processing
- require special air - conditioned rooms
41
In what ways is energy wasted by devices
- servers normally only use a small portion of their processing power
- devices are often left idle
42
How can wasted energy from devices be reduced
- using virtual servers instead of real machines, running multiple of these on a single physical server, server will run at full capacity
- use sleep / hibernation modes
- don't leave electrical devices on standby
43
What is e-waste
discarded electronic / electrical devices
44
How much e-waste is created each year
20 - 50 million tonnes
45
Why do modern devices have short lives before they are discarded
- they break
- people want to upgrade
46
How do device manufacturers and retailers indirectly promote the production of e-waste
- provide short warranties
- marketing to convince people to upgrade
- pricing policies that make it cheaper to replace rather than repair
47
What does WEEE stand for
- Why was it created
- What does it have rules for
Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment
- to tackle the e-waste problem
- disposing e-waste safely
- promote re-use
recycling
48
What often happens to e-waste in order to cut costs
- what are the issues with this
it is sent to African and Asian countries where regulations are less strict
- it then ends up in landfill where toxic chemicals can leak into ground water and harm wildlife
49
What does the Data Protection Act 2018 do
controls the use of personal data
50
Who are data subjects
people whose personal data is stored on computer systems
51
What are the 6 principles of the Data Protection Act
- Data must be used only in a fair, lawful and transparent way
- Data must be used only for the specified purpose
- Data should be adequate, relevant and not excessive for the specified use
- Data must be accurate and kept up to date
- Data should not be kept longer than is necessary
- Data should be kept safe and secure
52
What must an organisation do before collecting personal data
register with the government, saying what data will be collected and how they will use it
53
What rights does the Data Protection Act give data subjects
the right to see, amend and delete the personal data an organisation holds about them
54
What are two exceptions to the Data Protection Act
- if information could affect national security
- if the information could affect the outcome of a court case
55
What does the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act do
- why was it introduced
Protect innovations
- to protect intellectual property
56
What content does copyright cover
Written or recorded content
57
What does the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act make illegal
- sharing copyrighted files
- using unlicensed software
- plagiarise someone else's work
58
What do patents cover
new inventions - ideas and concepts rather than actual content
59
How has the internet made protecting copyrighted content harder
- ease of file sharing
- difficult to enforce
- other countries have more relaxed copyright laws - data can be kept on servers in these countries
60
What are two common ways illegal files are shared
- over peer to peer networks - files are shared directly using BitTorrent protocol
- cloud based file-hosting websites - copyrighted content is uploading and anyone with an account can see
61
Why was the Computer Misuse Act 1990 introduced
to stop hacking and cyber crime
62
What four offences did the Computer Misuse Act introduce
- gaining unauthorised access to a private network or device
- gaining unauthorised access to a network or device in order to commit a crime
- unauthorised modification of computer material
- make, supply or obtain malware
63
What is a software license
an agreement that allows one or more individuals to legally use a piece of software
64
What is open source software
when the source code is made freely available
65
What are users allowed to do to Open Source Software
- what are some famous examples of this
- modify the source code to create their own spin-off software
- Apache HTTP server
- Android (from Linux)
- GIMP
66
What are the advantages of Open Source Software
- usually free
- made for good, not profit
- can be adapted to fit user needs
- wide pool of collaborators
- reliable and secure - problems are solved quickly by community
67
What are the disadvantages of Open Source Software
- small projects may not get regular updates - buggy, unpatched
- limited user documentation
- no warranties
- no customer support
68
What is source code
actual programming code behind the software - shows exactly how the software was made
69
What is proprietary software
software where only the compiled code is released
70
What is compiled code
the final file that doesn't say how the program was made
71
What do proprietary software licenses often restrict
- modification
- copying
- redistribution
of the software
72
What are the advantages of proprietary software
- comes with warranties, documentation and customer support
- well tested and reliable
- cheaper for companies
73
What are the disadvantages of proprietary software
- expensive for users
- software may not exactly fit a user's needs
- companies may not maintain older software after warranties expire
74
What is intellectual property
anything that someone has created
