IT concepts?

Question 1

What fundamental physical limitation is causing the failure of Moore’s Law?

Answer 1

Quantum tunneling and power dissipation

Question 2

What phenomenon in quantum mechanics causes electrons to pass through barriers, impacting transistor miniaturization?

Answer 2

Electron tunneling

Question 3

What type of transistor technology was introduced to mitigate leakage current in modern CPUs?

Answer 3

FinFET (Fin Field-Effect Transistor)

Question 4

What is Dennard Scaling, and why has it broken down in modern semiconductor design?

Answer 4

Dennard Scaling stopped due to leakage current and heat dissipation

Question 5

What concept in thermodynamics limits the energy efficiency of computation, defining the minimum possible energy required to erase one bit of information?

Answer 5

Landauer’s Principle

Question 6

What is the name of the law stating that the number of transistors in an integrated circuit doubles approximately every two years?

Answer 6

Moore’s Law

Question 7

In cryptography, what mathematical paradox explains the high probability of hash collisions in a relatively small set of inputs?

Answer 7

Birthday Paradox

Question 8

What is the primary mathematical principle used in error detection and correction codes such as Hamming codes?

Answer 8

Linear Algebra and Hamming Distance

Question 9

What statistical method is widely used in machine learning to find the best fit line for a dataset?

Answer 9

Linear Regression

Question 10

What is the mathematical concept behind PageRank, Google’s algorithm for ranking search results?

Answer 10

Eigenvector Centrality (Graph Theory)

Question 11

What mathematical transformation is used in JPEG compression to reduce image size without significant loss of quality?

Answer 11

Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)

Question 12

In quantum computing, what is the name of the algorithm that efficiently factors large numbers and threatens modern encryption?

Answer 12

Shor’s Algorithm

Question 13

What type of cryptography relies on the difficulty of solving the discrete logarithm problem?

Answer 13

Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC)

Question 14

What probability theorem is used in Bayesian networks and machine learning to update beliefs based on evidence?

Answer 14

Bayes’ Theorem

Question 15

What concept in information theory quantifies the amount of information in a message and is measured in bits?

Answer 15

Shannon Entropy

Question 16

What is the primary mathematical technique used in neural networks for backpropagation?

Answer 16

Gradient Descent

Question 17

What type of algebra is used in logic gates and digital circuit design?

Answer 17

Boolean Algebra

Question 18

In homomorphic encryption, what mathematical structure allows computations on encrypted data without decryption?

Answer 18

Lattice-based cryptography

Question 19

What theorem in computer science states that some problems cannot be solved by any algorithm, such as the Halting Problem?

Answer 19

Rice’s Theorem and the Halting Problem

Question 20

What computational model uses a tape and a set of rules to simulate any algorithm and is a fundamental concept in computer science?

Answer 20

Turing Machine

Question 21

What is the principle behind differential privacy that adds noise to data to protect individual identities while preserving statistical patterns?

Answer 21

Laplace Mechanism in Differential Privacy

Question 22

What machine learning algorithm is based on probability distributions and is commonly used for spam filtering?

Answer 22

Naïve Bayes Classifier

Question 23

What branch of mathematics is used in blockchain technology to ensure the immutability of records?

Answer 23

Cryptographic Hash Functions and Merkle Trees

Question 24

In quantum computing, what fundamental principle allows a quantum bit (qubit) to exist in multiple states simultaneously?

Answer 24

Superposition

Question 25

What is the term for the phenomenon in cryptographic systems where small changes in input lead to drastic changes in output?

Answer 25

Avalanche Effect

Question 26

What type of cryptographic attack exploits weaknesses in hash functions to find two different inputs that produce the same hash?

Answer 26

Birthday Attack

Question 27

What is the name of the fundamental concept in combinatorics used in CAPTCHA systems to prevent automated bots from solving visual puzzles?

Answer 27

Combinatorial Graph Theory

Question 28

What mathematical field deals with optimizing resources and is used in AI, networking, and logistics?

Answer 28

Operations Research

Question 29

What paradox in probability theory demonstrates that two seemingly independent events can have counterintuitive dependencies?

Answer 29

Monty Hall Paradox

Question 30

In artificial intelligence, what is the name of the function that represents how 'good' or 'bad' a certain state is in reinforcement learning?

Answer 30

Reward Function

Question 31

What theorem in computer science states that no voting system can be both fair and deterministic for three or more candidates?

Answer 31

Arrow’s Impossibility Theorem

Question 32

What mathematical function, often used in AI, compresses large input values into a smaller range while preserving order?

Answer 32

Sigmoid Function

Question 33

What is the primary mathematical principle used in facial recognition and fingerprint analysis?

Answer 33

Fourier Transform and Principal Component Analysis (PCA)

Question 34

What cryptographic algorithm, widely used in securing online communications, is based on the difficulty of factoring large prime numbers?

Answer 34

RSA Encryption

Question 35

What law states that network speeds will double approximately every 18 months, affecting data transmission rates?

Answer 35

Nielsen’s Law of Internet Bandwidth

Question 36

What is the mathematical concept behind error-correcting codes that allow communication over noisy channels, such as Reed-Solomon codes?

Answer 36

Coding Theory (Shannon and Hamming Codes)

Question 37

What field of mathematics underpins graph databases and is widely used in social network analysis?

Answer 37

Graph Theory

Question 38

What quantum computing principle enables two particles to be correlated regardless of distance, forming the basis of quantum cryptography?

Answer 38

Quantum Entanglement

Question 39

What is the name of the theorem that establishes a fundamental limit to how precisely certain pairs of physical properties can be known?

Answer 39

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

Question 40

What is the mathematical concept used in differential equations and control systems that is fundamental to robotics and automation?

Answer 40

Laplace Transforms and Control Theory

Question 41

What is the name of the concept in statistical learning theory that explains why simpler models generalize better than complex ones?

Answer 41

Occam’s Razor and VC Dimension

Question 42

What type of probability distribution models rare events, such as hardware failures or cyberattacks, occurring over a fixed time interval?

Answer 42

Poisson Distribution

Question 43

What is the mathematical principle used in RSA cryptography that allows encryption and decryption with a public and private key?

Answer 43

Prime Factorization and Euler’s Theorem

Question 44

What mathematical law states that in many naturally occurring datasets, the leading digit is more likely to be small than large?

Answer 44

Benford’s Law

Question 45

What type of matrix decomposition is used in recommendation systems, such as Netflix's movie recommendation algorithm?

Answer 45

Singular Value Decomposition (SVD)

Question 46

What is the fundamental mathematical problem that quantum key distribution protocols exploit to ensure secure communication?

Answer 46

No-Cloning Theorem

Question 47

What is the name of the mathematical method used in digital signal processing to filter out unwanted noise?

Answer 47

Fourier Transform Filtering

Question 48

What is the fundamental principle behind CAPTCHA systems that distinguishes between humans and bots based on cognitive abilities?

Answer 48

Turing Test and Image Recognition

Question 49

What cryptographic method, based on elliptic curve mathematics, is increasingly used in modern security protocols due to its efficiency?

Answer 49

Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA)

Question 50

What is the name of the paradox in computer science where increasing the number of processors does not always decrease computation time due to communication overhead?

Answer 50

Amdahl’s Law