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History Italy Flashcards > Italy Booklet 1 - challenges to the restored order and failure of revolution (1830-49) > Flashcards

Italy Booklet 1 - challenges to the restored order and failure of revolution (1830-49) Flashcards

1
Q

Who ruled over Piedmont- Sardinia? (1815)

A

House of Savoy

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2
Q

What made up the central duchies?

A

Tuscany, Modena, Parma

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3
Q

Who ruled over Lombardy? (1815)

A

Representatives of the Austrian Empire

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4
Q

Who ruled over the Central Duchies? (1815)

A

House of Lorraine
(related to Austrian Habsburgs- under heavy influence of Austria)

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5
Q

Who ruled over Venetia? (1815)

A

ruled by constitution - local aristocracy- heavy Austrian influence

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6
Q

Who ruled over the Papal Sates? (1815)

A

The pope

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7
Q

Who ruled over The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (Naples)? (1815)

A

The Bourbons

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8
Q

What is the Restored Order?

A

The return of the states to how they were before 1796 - changed back after Napoleon was removed from Italy

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9
Q

Which states were Reactionary?

A

Piedmont- Sardinia, Lombardy / Venetia, (The Central Duchies) - Modena, Papal States, The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

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10
Q

Which states were Progressive?

A

(The Central Duchies) - Parma, Tuscany

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11
Q

How many Italian soldiers did France take to Russia to fight? How many returned?

A

Took 27,000
Only 1,000 returned

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12
Q

What was the treaty which reasserted Austrian control over Italy?

A

Treaty / Congress of Vienna

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13
Q

What % of Italian people were Catholic?

A

90%

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14
Q

Why could the Church hinder unification?

A

The pope and church were reactionary and could spread messages to other states of non- nationalistic views - everyone will listen to the church (upper-class, middle-class and even peasants in the south)

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15
Q

How many members did the Carbonari have in Naples?

A

60,000 (about 5% of the adult male population)

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16
Q

What states was the Carbonari active in?

A

Mainly south- Naples, Papal States and Piedmont

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17
Q

What were the strengths of the secret societies?

A

-They had pockets of people who believed in nationalism in different states.
-They had middle-class educated people.

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18
Q

What were the weaknesses of the secret societies?

A

-There weren’t many of them in comparison to population.
-They didn’t have enough people, not strong enough numbers.
-They didn’t have people that could fight.
-Some not fully committed.

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19
Q

What was the name of the Austrian chancellor who would not allow any form of Italian nationalism? And what did he say?

A

Metternich
said “Italian affairs do not exist”

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20
Q

Who made up the revolutionaries in Modena and Parma in 1830 and what did they revolt for?

A

-Middle-class, students
-looking for a constitution and freedom from Austria.

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21
Q

Why did the 1830 revolts in Parma and Modena fail?

A

Crushed by Austrian strength and revolutionary weakness

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22
Q

As late as 1971 how many people spoke Italian?

A

630,000 out of 27 million

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23
Q

What was the main reason for revolt in the Papal Sates? (1830-32)

A

Anti Papal rule

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24
Q

What was the Risorgimento?

A

An ideological and literary movement that helped to grow the national consciousness of the Italian people

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25
Q

List three of Mazzini’s successes in challenging the restored order.

A

-He wrote thousands of articles that were smuggled into Italy- made Italian nationalism more talked about.
-He converted many into the cause (e.g. Garibaldi).
-He created ‘Young Italy’ - kept the hope for unification alive.

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26
Q

List three of Mazzini’s failures to challenge the restored order.

A

-Moderate liberals looked upon him as a dangerous radical and highlighted Italian divides.
-His attitude would stop Italy getting support from France.
-He was absent from Italy for long periods (40 years in total).

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27
Q

What did Balbo want for Italy?

A

He wanted Piedmont and Charles Albert to lead other Italian states against Austria. He also wanted a constitutional monarch.

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28
Q

What year was Pius IX elected pope?

A

1846

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29
Q

What did the Statuto offer to those in Piedmont?

A

-right for free press.
-all citizens were equal before the law.
-limited rights of assembly.

30
Q

What were some examples of Pius IX ‘s progressive actions?

A

-had a council of lay advisers (non-religious advisers)
-entered a customs union with Tuscany and Piedmont, which promoted free trade - economical unification.

31
Q

What did the pope do to oppose the Austrians? (1848)

A

He denied their right to cross the Papal States and asked the Lord to bless ‘Italia’.

32
Q

Why did people in the south revolt in 1848?

A

-hunger politics
-harvest failures in 1846 & 47.
-this lead to high food prices and riots in towns.
-living conditions.

33
Q

What was the life expectancy in Naples in the 1840s?

A

24

34
Q

How many deaths from an outbreak of cholera in Sicily in 1836? Who did they blame for this?

A

-65,000
-they blamed their rulers in Naples - (causes for 1848 revolutions)

35
Q

What were neo-guelphs and who supported it?

A

-supporters of the pope.
-people who did not like revolution and had no mention of dislike of Austrian rule.
-Thought the pope should lead Italy.

36
Q

What was the name of the anti Austrian / anti papal book written by Azeglio? What year was it written?

A

‘On Recent Events in Romagna’
1846

37
Q

What battles did Charles Albert lose against Austria? What dates?

A

-Battle of Custozza (July 1848) - in Lombardy.
-Battle of Novara (March 1849)

38
Q

What is Social Imperialism?

A

Take country into a short victorious war to gain popularity.
(e.g. Louis Napoleon taking military to defeat Rome Republic to help the pope as most people in France were Catholic)

39
Q

How much did Piedmont have to pay to France for reparations?

A

65 million French francs.

40
Q

How many French troops amassed outside of Rome to try and reclaim it for the pope? (1849)

A

20,000

41
Q

How is Rome taken over successfully? (November 1848)

A

-Count Rossi is murdered by a mob.
-Pope flees and goes to Gaeta in Naples.
-A revolutionary government is set up under the leadership of Giuseppe Galletti - set up Costituente to decide the future of Rome and Italy.

42
Q

The richest Italian state in 1815?

A

Lombardy

43
Q

The state closest to Austria?

A

Venetia

44
Q

Name of the Austrian royal family?

A

Habsburgs

45
Q

What was the capital of Lombardy?

A

Milan

46
Q

The port in Piedmont which was good for trade?

A

Genoa

47
Q

The state ruled by a viceroy from Naples?

A

Sicily

48
Q

The King of Naples under Napoleon?

A

Joseph

49
Q

What was the capital city of Sicily?

A

Palermo

50
Q

Which part of Italy did the Lorraines rule?

A

Central Duchies

51
Q

When did the Venetian constitution date from?

A

The Renaissance

52
Q

A fashion in Piedmont that could get you shot as a rebel

A

Long hair and beards

53
Q

What % of Austrian tax revenue was provided by Lombardy and Venetia in 1830?

A

25%

54
Q

In Lombardy and Venetia what jobs had to be held by Austrians?

A

Judges, civil servants, police, army officers

55
Q

Which state was run by Duke Francis IV?

A

Modena

56
Q

What state was run by Duchess Marie-Louise?

A

Parma

57
Q

What did Ferdinand III do to improve Tuscany’s education and healthcare?

A

Improved education, reorganised the universities of Pisa and Siena and spent more on girls education and expanded health facilities

58
Q

What were the group of strict, hardliner popes known as?

A

Zealots

59
Q

Who were the strict Catholics who enforced church rules?

A

Jesuits

60
Q

Who was the leader of Naples from 1815?

A

Ferdinand I
(Bourbon family)

61
Q

In what year did a series of revolts break out which forced Naples to grant a constitution?

A

1820

62
Q

How many customs points did the river Po have in 1830?

A

22

63
Q

What percentage of Italians spoke Italian in 1830?

A

2.5%

64
Q

Define:
Reactionary rule

A

When a ruler uses oppression to oppose change.

65
Q

Define:
Revolutionary nationalism

A

The doctrine espoused by Mazzini and others for the creation of the nation state through revolution

66
Q

Define:
Revolutionary liberalism

A

The doctrine promoting constitutional change through revolution

67
Q

Define:
Temporal power

A

The political power of the papacy (as opposed to it’s spiritual or religious authority)

68
Q

Define:
Absolutist state

A

A state without any restriction on the power or authority of the ruler

69
Q

Define:
Quadrilateral

A

The area dominated by the fortress towns of Legnago, Mantha, Verona and Perschiera

70
Q

Name 5 secret societies

A

1-Carbonari
2-Spillo negro latinisiber saglien
3-Freemasons
4-Federatic
5-Aldelfi

71
Q

Who were the Great Powers?

A

France, Russia, Prussia, Austria, Britain

History Italy Flashcards (4 decks)

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