ITP (Module 1-4)

Question 1

It is defined as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

Answer 1

Psychology

Question 2

allows you to
○ propose reasons for relationships
○ derive explanation
○ make predicts

Answer 2

Theory

Question 3

studies conducted without concern for immediate application

Answer 3

pure research

Question 4

designed to find solutions to specific personal or social problems

Answer 4

applied research

Question 5

applying psychological knowledge to help individuals change their behavior.

Answer 5

practicing psychology

Question 6

sharing of psychological knowledge in classrooms, seminars, and workshops

Answer 6

teaching

Question 7

help people with psychological disorders adjust to the demands of life. Largest subgroup of psychologists.

Answer 7

clinical psychologist

Question 8

similar to clinical psychologists, but clients typically have adjustment problems and not serious psychological disorders. More than half of all doctoral students are in programs of clinical or counseling.

Answer 8

counseling psychologist

Question 9

employed by school systems to assist students with problems that interfere with learning. One focus is that of placement of students in special classes.

Answer 9

school psychologist

Question 10

attempt to facilitate learning but focus on course planning, instructional methods. They focus on motivation, intelligence, testing, and student and teacher behavior.

Answer 10

educational psychologist

Question 11

study the changes (physical, cognitive, social, and personality) that occur throughout the lifespan.

Answer 11

developmental psychologist

Question 12

focus on identifying and measuring human traits, determining influences on human thought processes, feelings, and behavior, and explaining psychological disorders.

Answer 12

personality psychologist

Question 13

primarily concerned with nature and causes of individual’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior in social situations.

Answer 13

social psychologist

Question 14

study the ways in which people and the environment influence one another.

Answer 14

environmental psychologist

Question 15

conduct experiments and specialize in basic processes such as the nervous system, sensation and perception, learning and memory, thought, motivation, and emotion.

Answer 15

experimental psychologist

Question 16

focus on the relationship between people and work.

Answer 16

industrial psychologist

Question 17

focus on the relationship between people and organizations such as business.

Answer 17

organizational psychologist

Question 18

provide suggestions and create technical systems such as dashboards, computer keyboards, etc., to be more user friendly.

Answer 18

human factors psychologist

Question 19

study the behavior of shoppers in an effort to predict and influence their behavior.

Answer 19

consumer psychologist

Question 20

examine the ways in which behavior and mental processes are related to health.

Answer 20

health psychologist

Question 21

apply principles of psychology to the criminal justice system.

Answer 21

forensic psychologist

Question 22

help people improve their performance in various sports.

Answer 22

sport psychologist

Question 23

➢ Argued that human behavior is subject to rules and laws.
➢ Subject matter by topic included personality, sensation and perception, thought, intelligence, needs and motives, feelings and emotion, and memory.

Answer 23

Aristotle

Question 24

➢ suggested that we could think of behavior in terms of a body and mind (interaction of biological and mental processes)

Answer 24

democritus

Question 25

➢ we should rely on rational thought and introspection to achieve self-knowledge

Answer 25

socrates

Question 26

ability to consciously reflect on one’s own thoughts

Answer 26

introspection

Question 27

➢ published elements of psychophysics in 1860 ➢ showed how physical events are related to psychological sensations and perceptions

Answer 27

gustav theodore fechner

Question 28

➢ major figure in the development of psychology ➢ functionalist

Answer 28

william james

Question 29

School of Psychology that is: ➢ founded by wilhelm wundt and his students ➢ objective and subjective sensations ➢ views the mind as natural event

Answer 29

structuralism

Question 30

school of psychology that is: ➢ founded by William James ➢ adaptation to environments

Answer 30

functionalism

Question 31

school of psychology that: ➢ focuses on learning observable behaviors in understanding human and animal actions ➢ limits psychology to observable, measurable, events

Answer 31

behaviorism

Question 32

➢ founder of american behaviorism ➢ believed osychology must focus on observable and measurable behavior

Answer 32

john broadus watson

Question 33

➢ proposed human behaviors can be explained by learning to reinforcement

Answer 33

B.F. Skinner

Question 34

a stimulus that follows a response and increases the frequency of the response

Answer 34

reinforcement

Question 35

school of psychology that ➢ focused in perception and its influence on thinking and problem solving ➢ by Max Wetheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Köhler

Answer 35

Gestalt psychology

Question 36

School of Psychology that is: ➢ founded by Sigmund Freud ➢ believe our lives are governed by unconscious ideas and impulses from childhood conflicts

Answer 36

Psychoanalysis

Question 37

basic instincts and desires

Answer 37

ID

Question 38

rational decision-maker

Answer 38

Ego

Question 39

moral conscience

Answer 39

superego

Question 40

psychological perspective: ➢ relationships between the brain, hormones, heredity

Answer 40

biological perspective

Question 41

paychological perspective: ➢ venture into the realms of mental process to understand human nature ➢study things we refer to as the mind ➢ memory, planning, decision making

Answer 41

cognitive perspective

Question 42

psychological perspective: ➢ emphasize subjective experience, including self awareness, experience, and choice ➢ humanism stress the human capacity for self fulfillment ➢ existentialism views people as free to choose and responsible for choosing ethical conduct

Answer 42

humanistic-existential perspective

Question 43

psychoogical perspective: ➢ neoanalysts ➢ focus less on the unconscious and more on conscious choice and self-direction

Answer 43

psychodynamic perspective

Question 44

paychological perspective: ➢ study the effects ofexperience on behavior ➢ learning is essential

Answer 44

perspective on learning

Question 45

psychological perspective: ➢ addresses the many ways in which people differ from one another (ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status)

Answer 45

sociocultural perspective

Question 46

i. Ethnic groups are united by their cultural heritage, race, language, and common history. ii. Highlight the impact of social, political, and economic factors on human behavior and development.

Answer 46

ethnicity

Question 47

i. Refers to the culturally defined concepts of masculinity and femininity. ii. Involves a complex web of cultural expectations and social roles. As with members of ethnic minority groups, women have experienced prejudice, too. iii. Today, women earn most of the undergraduate degrees in psychology and hold 3/4 of the doctoral degrees in the field.

Answer 47

gender

Question 48

➢ Pioneer in research in memory: primacy and recency effect. ➢ Became president of the APA. ➢ study in harvard

Answer 48

mary whiton calkins

Question 49

➢ Revolutionized our understanding of attachment between parents and children by means of cross-cultural studies.

Answer 49

mary salter ainsworth

Question 50

➢ Memories are not snapshots of the past. ➢ Memories are based on ▪ Something old (what actually happened) ▪ Something new (influenced of recent events) ▪ Something borrowed (further shaped by biases and prejudices) ▪ Something blue (altered by emotion)

Answer 50

elizabeth loftus

Question 51

each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected to participate.

Answer 51

random sample

Question 52

selection is made so that identified subgroups in the population are represented proportionately in the sample.

Answer 52

stratified sample

Question 53

people who volunteer as participants differ systematically from people who do not.

Answer 53

volunteer bias

Question 54

a specific statement about behavior or mental processes that is tested through research.

Answer 54

hypothesis

Question 55

Individuals who are studied; segment of the population.

Answer 55

sample

Question 56

group targeted for study.

Answer 56

population

Question 57

Information collected about individuals and small groups.

Answer 57

case study

Question 58

➢ Used to study individuals who cannot be observed in the natural setting or studied scientifically. ➢ Employs questionnaires and interviews. Also uses the examination of public records.

Answer 58

survey

Question 59

Observe people in their natural habitats.

Answer 59

naturalistic observation

Question 60

Investigates whether one observed behavior or trait is related to (correlated) with another.

Answer 60

correlation

Question 61

manipulated by experimenters so that the effects of various levels may be determined.

Answer 61

independent variables

Question 62

the measured outcome or result.

Answer 62

dependent variable

Question 63

obtain the treatment.

Answer 63

experimental groups

Question 64

do not receive the treatment.

Answer 64

control groups