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IV A Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

Segment of DNA that is a unit of hereditary information

A

Gene

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2
Q

The complex of DNA and protein that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes

A

Chromatin

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3
Q

Thread like structure in the cell nucleus (or nucleoid of a prokaryotic cell), mitochondria and chloroplasts, along which genes are located, composed of chromatin

A

Chromosome

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4
Q

Constricted region in the DNA sequence of a chromatid or chromosome

A

Centromere

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5
Q

One of the two identical halves of a duplicated chromosome, it’s single chromosomal stand of a two-chromatid (sister chromatid or double chromatid) chromosome

A

Chromatid

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6
Q

Protein within the centromere to which spindle fibers can attach

A

Kinetochore

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7
Q

You cannot see ______ in either G1 o G2 because they have not gone through condensation

A

Chromosomes

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8
Q

A duplicated chromosome contains a pair of ______ containing identical DNA sequences

A

Sister chromatids

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9
Q

Each of the two DNA sequences contains a ______, a constricted region which joins sister chromatids

A

Centromere

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10
Q

The ______, a protein that is associated with the centromere, binds to microtubules during mitosis

A

Kinetochore

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11
Q

Genetic information in the cell specifies _____(2)

A

How the cell will develop

How the cell will function

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12
Q

The events in prokaryotic cell division, prokaryotic cells contain a single, circular DNA molecule, ____ (4)

A
  1. The single circular DNA molecule which contains genetic material is replicated 2. Elongation of the cell wall begins in and area where the original and copied DNA molecules are located, causing separation of the two 3. The cell wall pinches in and divides the cell into two cells 4. The process of cell division in prokaryotes is termed binary fission
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13
Q

The process which cells divid in prokaryotes are called ______

A

Binary fission

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14
Q

Two processes that usually occur in eukaryotic cell division

A

Nuclear division

Cytoplasmic division

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15
Q

Forms 2 nuclei in eukaryotic cell division

A

Nuclear division

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16
Q

From 2 cells by dividing the cytoplasm into two parts

A

Cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis)

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17
Q

The stage set of the cell cycle are ______(4)

A

G1, S, G2, and M phase

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18
Q

M phrase consists of mitosis which is _____(4)

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis

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19
Q

3 sub phases of interphase are

A

G1, S, and G2

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20
Q

During which there is cell growth, duplication of ribosomes and other cytoplasmic organelles, abd synthesis of various enzymes

A

G1 (Gap 1)

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21
Q

During which DNA, the genetic material replicates and other organelles contain to duplicated

A

S (Synthesis)

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22
Q

During which the cell continuous to grow and also prepares for mitosis by making spindle fiber precursors and other proteins

A

G2 (Gap 2)

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23
Q

M phase consists of _____(2)

A

Mitosis

Cytokinesis

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24
Q

A type of nuclear division that produces 2 nuclei which are identical to each other and to the parent nucleus

A

Mitosis

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25
The cytoplasmic divides to produces 2 daughter cells
Cytokinesis
26
______ is a type of nuclear division that results in 2 daughter nuclei that have the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus
Mitosis
27
Chromatin condenses into duplicate chromosomes (pairs of sister chromatids), nuclear envolope disappears, mitotic spindle forms
Early prophase
28
Spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of chromosomes, chromosomes begin to move toward cell's mid plane
Late prophase
29
Chromosomes align on cell's mid plane (metaphase plate), mitotic spindle is complete, microtubules attach the kinetochores of sister chromatids it opposite poles of the cell
Metaphase
30
Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles | Each former chromatid is not a chromosome
Anaphase
31
Nuclear envelope reforms, nucleoli appear, chromosome uncoil, spindle disappears, cytokinesis begins
Telophase
32
Cytokinesis begins during ______
Telophase
33
A _______ is an invagination of the plasma membrane that forms between the nuclei of a dividing animal cell, which gets progressively deeper and eventually divides the cytoplasm
Cleavage furrow
34
A ____ is a special membrane that forms half way between the nuclei of a dividing plant cell
Cell plate
35
________ reduces the number of chromosome sets from diploid to haploid, necessary to maintain the normal chromosome number when two cells join during sexual reproduction
Meiosis
36
______ helps to increase genetic variation among off spring
Meiosis
37
One diploid cell divides _______ times, yielding ______ haploid cells
2 | 4
38
Sexual life cycles in eukaryotes require ______
Meiosis
39
Each gamete contains ______ the number of chromosomes as the parent cell
Half
40
Animal ______ are Sperm cells and ova
Gametes
41
Meiosis produces spores, not ______ in plants
Gametes
42
Chromosomes are paired as ______ in a diploid cell which are similar in length, shape, and other features which carries genes affecting the same traits
Homologous chromosomes
43
______ is the number of sets of chromosomes in a cell or in the cells of an organism
Polidy
44
Only one member of each homologous chromosome pair is present in a ______
Haploid cell
45
______ contain two sets of chromosomes
Diploid cells
46
______ contain one set of chromosomes
Haploid cells
47
______ and _____ only occur during prophase I and metaphase I
Crossing over | Synapsis
48
______ is homologous chromosomes joining
Synapsis
49
_______ occurs between homologous (no sister) chromatids, segments of DNA are exchanged, results in genetic recombination
Crossing over
50
______ consists of 4 chromatids (2 pairs of sister chromatids) which interact during Synapsis, no sister chromatids cross over which generate greater variation between the chromatids
Tetrad
51
_______ are the connection points where DNA strands swap segments
Chiasmata
52
______ is an abbreviated interphase the occurs between Meiosis I and Meiosis II, has both G1 and G2 but not S
Interkinesis
53
Known as the reduction division since chromosome number is reduced in the daughter cells compared to the parent cells
Meiosis I
54
Known as a equation all division since double chromatid chromosomes line up on the equator of the cell
Meiosis II
55
There are 2 sets and 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes in a ______ cell
Somatic (body)
56
Only 1 set and 23 chromosomes in a _______
Gametes cell
57
During meiosis I, ________ is the Synapsis of homologous chromosomes forms tetras, crossing over between no sister chromatids produce genetic variation, chiasmata mark then breakage points where a SNA segment has been removed, swapped, and reinserted
Prophase I
58
During meiosis I, ______ is when the tetrads line up on the metaphase plate (middle plane)
Metaphase I
59
During meiosis I, ______ is when homologous chromosomes separate and are distributed to different nuclei
Anaphase I
60
During meiosis I, _____ is where cytokinesis begins
Telophase I
61
Why is mitosis different from meiosis? (5)
Has no synapsis and crossing over, results in 2 cells, results in identical cells, requires 1 nuclear division, can either be 1n or 2n
62
What is the difference of meiosis from mitosis? (5)
Synapsis and crossing over result in genetic recombination, results in 4 cells, doesn't have identical cells, requires 2 nuclear divisions, or 2n --> 1n
63
A structure that produces gametes
Gonad
64
The process of gamete formation
Gametogenesis
65
The process of sperm production
Spermatogenesis
66
Process of egg (ovum) production
Oogenesis
67
A non-functional haploid cell produced in Oogenesis
Polar body
68
The fusion of egg and sperm nuclei
Fertilization
69
A fertilized egg, therefore is chromosome number is 2n
Zygote

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