IV Fluids, Nutrients, and Electrolytes Flashcards
1
Q
______% of adult body weight is water
A
60
2
Q
Total body water (TBW) is higher in ______
A
Infants
3
Q
Total body water (TBW) is lower in ______
A
Older adults
4
Q
Fluid intake = ______
A
Fluid output
5
Q
______ is a strong indicator of fluid imbalance
A
Sudden weight change
6
Q
Insensible fluid loss …
A
Cannot be measured
7
Q
In what areas may insensible fluid loss occur? (3)
A
- Skin
- Lungs
- GI tract
8
Q
Death may occur if ______% of TBW is lost
A
20 - 25
9
Q
______ is the primary electrolyte in extracellular fluid
A
Sodium
10
Q
Describe hypertonic dehydration
A
Water loss > sodium loss
11
Q
Describe hypotonic dehydration
A
Sodium loss > water loss
12
Q
Describe isotonic dehydration
A
Sodium loss = water loss
13
Q
What can be used to replace lost fluids? (3)
A
- Crystalloids
- Colloids
- Blood products
14
Q
What happens to isotonic solutions when administered?
A
Stay in the vessel
15
Q
What are some examples of isotonic solutions? (2)
A
- 0.9% NSS
- Lactated ringers
16
Q
What happens to hypotonic solutions when administered?
A
Leave the vessel
17
Q
What is an example of a hypotonic solution?
A
0.45% saline
18
Q
What happens to hypertonic solutions when administered?
A
Enter the vessel
19
Q
What is an example of a hypertonic solution?
A
3% saline
20
Q
Acids ______ H+ ions
A
Release
21
Q
Bases ______ H+ ions
A
Accept
22
Q
Increased H+ concentration = ______ pH
A
Decreased (acidic)
23
Q
Decreased H+ concentration = ______ pH
A
Increased (alkaline)
24
Q
What is the mechanism of action of crystalloids?
A
Replacement of fluids and electrolytes found in the body
25
What are the some examples of crystalloids? (2)
- 0.9% NSS
- Lactated ringers
26
Crystalloids contain ... (2)
- Water
- Sodium
27
What is a possible adverse effect of crystalloids?
Pulmonary edema
28
What is the mechanism of action of colloids?
Create an isotonic environment --> increases blood volume
29
What are some examples of colloids? (2)
- 5% albumin
- Dextran
30
Which type of colloid has a rapid onset of action and a long duration?
5% albumin
31
Colloids contain ... (4)
- Proteins
- Carbs
- Fats
- Animal collagen
32
What are the indications of colloids? (2)
- Shock
- Burns
33
What are some possible side effects of colloids? (2)
- Coagulation
- Increased bleeding
34
What is the mechanism of action of blood products?
Pull fluid from extravascular space into intravascular space
35
______ are the only fluid able to carry oxygen
Blood products
36
What are the indications of blood products? (3)
- Anemia
- Acute bleeding
- Increased clotting factors
37
What are some possible adverse effects of blood products? (3)
- Anaphylaxis
- Hepatitis
- HIV
38
______ are the most expensive and least available fluid
Blood products
39
______ increase clotting capabilities
Platelets
40
______ increase clotting factors
Fresh frozen plasma
41
______ Increases oxygen carrying capacity
pRBC
42
______ Increases oxygen carrying capacity, but is more beneficial because it contains plasma and plasma proteins
Whole blood
43
What is total parental nutrition (TPN)?
Administration of nutrients bypassing the GI tract (IV)
44
TPN has a high ______ in order to provide calories
Glucose concentration
45
How is TPN administered?
PICC line
46
How long does TPN last?
> 7 - 10 days
47
In the case of TPN, patient temperature must be monitored every ______ hours
4
48
During TPN administration, it is important to monitor glucose for ______
Hyperglycemia
49
If TPN infusion runs out prior to the next bag, hang ______
10% dextrose
50
Colloids should be administered ______
Slowly
51
What are the water soluble vitamins? (2)
- B
- C
52
What are the fat soluble vitamins? (4)
- A
- D
- E
- K
53
Describe fat soluble vitamins (4)
- Stored in liver
- Excreted in feces
- Slowly metabolized
- Daily intake not required
54
______ is necessary for vitamin B12 absorption
Intrinsic factor
55
Injury to ______ causes a lack of intrinsic factor
Gastric lining
56
Intrinsic factor is released by ______ within the gastric lining
Parietal cells
57
What are the 4 types of macro-nutrients?
- Calcium
- Magnesium
- Potassium
- Sodium
58
What 3 systems are responsible for regulation of electrolytes?
- Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
- ADH
- SNS
59
______ is the most abundant mineral
Calcium
60
Absorption of calcium requires adequate amounts of ______
Vitamin D
61
Calcium has an inverse relationship with ______
Phosphorus
62
What are the indications of calcium carbonate? (2)
- Dyspepsia
- Postmenopausal osteoporosis prevention
63
What is the primary side effect of calcium carbonate?
Nephrolithiasis
64
What can occur as a result of calcium carbonate toxicity? (3)
- Cardiac irregularities
- Coma
- Delirium
65
______ is the most plentiful cation of intracellular fluid
Magnesium
66
What is the primary indication of magnesium sulfate?
Ventricular arrhythmias
67
What are the side effects of magnesium sulfate? (3)
- Decreased reflexes
- Hypocalcemia
- Hyperkalemia
68
What can occur as a result of magnesium sulfate toxicity? (2)
- Deep tendon reflex loss
- CNS depression
69
How is magnesium sulfate toxicity treated? (2)
- IV calcium
- Furosemide
70
What results from the interaction of K+ sparing diuretics and ACE inhibitors?
Hyperkalemia
71
What results from the interaction of diuretics and mineralocorticoids?
Hypokelmia
72
Hyperkalemia is caused by a shift of K+ ...
Out of the cell
73
What are the manifestations of hyperkalemia? (3)
- Muscle weakness
- Palpitations
- EKG changes
74
Low K+ can increase digoxin toxicity and cause ______
Ventricular dysrhthmias
75
Parenteral infusions of ______ must be monitored closely
Potassium
76
IV potassium must NOT be administered at a rate faster than ______ to patients on cardiac monitors
10 mEq / hr
77
______ give potassium as an IV bolus or undiluted
NEVER
78
What are the side effects of sodium? (2)
- Cramps
- Venous phlebitis
79
Aldosterone can ______ Na+ and Cl-
Conserve
80
Aldosterone can cause ______ of potassium
Excretion
81
What are the manifestations of hypernatremia? (3)
- Anorexia
- Restlessness
- Lethargy
82
What are the manifestations of hyponatremia? (2)
- Stomach cramps
- Seizures
83
Hyponatremia can be ...
Absolute or relative
84
What are the 3 types of micro-nutrients?
- Iodine
- Iron
- Zinc
85
______ is an essential component of T3 and T4 synthesis
Iodine
86
______ increases thyroid uptake of iodine for T3 and T4 production
TSH
87
______ causes increased TSH
Low iodine
88
Low iodine results in ______
Goiter
89
______ is an oxygen carrier in hemoglobin and myoglobin
Iron ferrous sulfate
90
Where is iron ferrous sulfate stored? (3)
- Liver
- Spleen
- Bone marrow
91
The following foods ______ iron absorption:
- Organice juice
- Veal
- Fish
- Ascorbic acid
Enhance
92
The following foods ______ iron absorption:
- Eggs
- Corn
- Beans
- Phytates
Impair
93
______ is important in wound healing and tissue growth
Zinc
