IV - Graphical Methods

Question 1

IV infusions may be administered to provide what?

Answer 1

Electrolytes
Nutrients
Medications or therapeutic agents
Blood volume extenders or various blood products

Question 2

What is an IV push, IV stat, or IV bolus?

Answer 2

rapid infusion of medication in order to quickly restore normal function in life-threatening conditions

Question 3

What is an IV piggyback?

Answer 3

a smaller IV bag is attached to the tubing of a large IV bag

Question 4

Enteral nutrition is what?

Answer 4

method of providing nutritional support via tubes inserted into the stomach or small intenstine; Preferred route is the GI tract

Question 5

What are some examples of short term enteral nutrition?

Answer 5

nasogastric, nasoduodendal, nasojejunal

Question 6

What are some examples of long term enteral nutrition?

Answer 6

gastrostomy, jejunostomy

Question 7

What is parenteral nutrtion?

Answer 7

Intravenous hyperalimentation; method of feeding a patients by intravenous infusion of fluids and basic nutrients

Question 8

What is partial parenteral nutrition?

Answer 8

provides only partial nutritional requirements

Question 9

What is total parenteral nutrition?

Answer 9

Provides total nutrition requirements

Question 10

What do parenteral formulas contain?

Answer 10

Macro-nutrients (carbs, proteins, fat), micro nutrients (electrolytes, vitamins, trace elements) and sterile water

Question 11

What are two sites to insert an IV?

Answer 11

Central line (superior vena cava --> can support higher concentrations) 
Peripheral line (veins of the arm or hand --> requires adjustment of tonicity)

Question 12

What are small-volume parenterals used for?

Answer 12

source of electrolytes, vitamins, or minerals

Question 13

What are large volume parenterals used for?

Answer 13

sources of amino acids, dextrose and sterile water

Question 14

What are nutritional requirements?

Answer 14

quantities of macro and micro nutrients needed for a patient to obtain or maintain the desired nutritional status (vary with age, gender, etc, fluid requirements and caloric requirements)

Question 15

What is the adult fluid/ water requirement?

Answer 15

30 mL/kg
1500 mL per m^2 of bsa
1 mL/kcal of nutrition required

Question 16

Fluid/water requirements can be based off of what?

Answer 16

Age, weight, BSA, and caloric requirement

Question 17

Water based on age… Neonates? 1-12 months?

Answer 17

120-180 mL/kg/day

150 mL/kg/day; maximum of 200 mL

Question 18

Water based on weight.. Less than 10 kg? 10-20 kg? Greater than 20 kg?

Answer 18

100 mL/kg/day
1000+ 50 mL/kg/day over
1500 mL + 20 mL/kg/day

Question 19

Water based on BSA?

Answer 19

m^2 * 1500 mL/day/m^2

Question 20

Water based on caloric requirement?

Answer 20

1.2 mL/kcal * kcal/day

Question 21

1 kcal = ? Calorie = ? calories

Answer 21

1 Calorie = 1000 calroies

Question 22

What is the caloric density of carbs?

Answer 22

Parenteral: 3.4 kcal/g

Enteral 4 kcal/g

Question 23

What is the caloric density of proteins?

Answer 23

4 kcal/g

Question 24

What is the caloric density of lipids?

Answer 24

9 kcal/g and should be restricted to 30-40% of the total daily calories

Question 25

What is the caloric density of fiber? Men and woman?

Answer 25

14 grams per 100 kcal Should be about 21-25 grams for woman Should be about 30-38 grams for men

Question 26

What has to be on a nutrition label?

Answer 26

Serving size, number of servings per package, total calories, calories derived from fat, fat, cholesterol, total carbs, protein, sodium, vitamin A and C, calcium and iron

Question 27

What are the percent daily values based on?

Answer 27

2000 calorie diet

Question 28

What is dilution?

Answer 28

Can be performed for liquid, solid, and semisolid dosage forms to provide a product strength more suitable for use by a particular patient

Question 29

What is concentration?

Answer 29

Can be preformed for a liquid dosage form by the evaporation of a portion of its solvent of vehicles

Question 30

What is fortification?

Answer 30

Can be performed for a liquid, solid, and semisolid dosage form by the addition of a calculated quantity of additional therapeutic agent

Question 31

What is trituration?

Answer 31

Dilution of a potent medicinal substance; prepared by diluting 1 part by weight of the drug with 9 parts of finely powdered lactose (10%)

Question 32

What is strength?

Answer 32

The quantity per volume or the concentration

Question 33

What are stock solutions?

Answer 33

concentrated solutions of active or inactive substances and are used to prepare solutions of smaller concentration for convience

Question 34

The strength of concentrated acid is expressed as a percentage of what?

Answer 34

weight-in-weight

Question 35

The strength of diluted acid is expressed as a percentage of what?

Answer 35

weight-in-volume

Question 36

Due to a difference between strength of concentrated acid and diluted acid, one mus consider what?

Answer 36

Specific gravity of concentrated acids in calculations involving the dilution of acids

Question 37

What is slope?

Answer 37

Ration of the change in y with a change in x Positive slope: indicates that y values increase as x values increase Negative slope: indicates that y value decrease as x increases

Question 38

What are the X and Y axis of a semi-log graph?

Answer 38

``` Y = logarithmic dimensions X = linear dimensions ```

Question 39

What are the X and Y axis of log-log graphs?

Answer 39

Both axis are in logarithmic dimensions