J8 Physical Science Exam Study Guide

Question 1

Chapter 1

Answer 1

Chapter 1

Question 2

What flight crashed in the Atlantic Ocean and is still undiscovered?

Answer 2

Air France Flight 447.

Question 3

What is the definition of dominion?

Answer 3

Dominion means taking full responsibility for the care and management of every aspect of our world, and using it under God’s authority.

Question 4

What is the definition of Creation Mandate?

Answer 4

Creation Mandate is God’s command given to man­ kind in Genesis 1:28 to exercise dominion over the world by wisely using the resources He has placed here.

Question 5

What is the definition of data?

Answer 5

Data is any kind of information or observation used in an investigation. Most scientific data is either measured or described.

Question 6

What is the definition of pitot tube

Answer 6

Pitot tube is a tube bent at a right-angle mounted on an aircraft. It measures the pressure of the air flowing past it.

Question 7

What is the definition of presupposition?

Answer 7

Presuppositions are assumptions about right, wrong, and the nature of truth.

Question 8

What is the definition of bias?

Answer 8

Bias is an inclination one has about an idea after thinking about its pros and cons.

Question 9

What is the definition of prejudice?

Answer 9

prejudice is like a bias, but a person holds to it without thinking about it, and it is often unreasonable.

Question 10

What is the definition of phenomenon?

Answer 10

Phenomenon is anything observable or measureable.

Question 11

What is the definition of model?

Answer 11

Model is a workable explanation or description.

Question 12

What is the definition of worldview?

Answer 12

Worldview is a person’s particular philosophy of life or conception of the world.

Question 13

What is the definition of science?

Answer 13

science is the collection of
observations,inferences,and models produced through a systematic study of na­ture for the purpose of enabling humans to exercise good and wise dominion over God’s world.

Question 14

What diagram can be made for the atom of iron?

Answer 14

Bohr Model.

Question 15

What is the definition of theory?

Answer 15

An accepted model that explains something.

Question 16

What is the definition of law?

Answer 16

Law is a model that describes a phenomenon but doesn’t or can’t explain it.

Question 17

What is the definition of operational science?

Answer 17

Operational science examines phenomena that exist or occur in the present.

Question 18

What is the definition of historical science?

Answer 18

Historical science studies phenomena that happened in the unobserved past and that are not happening today (to our knowledge).

Question 18

What is the definition of forensic science?

Answer 18

Forensic science is a kind of scientific investigation that at­tempts to reconstruct the scenario of a crime commit­ted in the past.

Question 19

Chapter 2

Answer 19

Chapter 2

Question 21

What is the definition of matter?

Answer 21

Matter is anything that occupies a volume of space and has mass.

Question 22

What three states does matter come in?

Answer 22

Solid, liquid, and gas.

Question 23

What microscope allows us to detect atoms?

Answer 23

Scanning tunneling electron microscope (STM) allows scientists to de- tect atoms on the surface of specially prepared materials.

Question 24

What is the most common particle that scientists refer to?

Answer 24

The atom.

Question 25

What two Greek philosophers did not believe in the philosophy of atomism?

Answer 25

Plato and Aristotle.

Question 26

What are the links of atoms when they attach to each other?

Answer 26

Chemical bond.

Question 27

What is the dispersion of a substance through another by particle motion?

Answer 27

Diffusion

Question 28

What is the motion Robert Brown discovered

Answer 28

Brownian motion is the jiggling motion of the cell parts was due to the impacts of fluid particles striking them randomly from different directions.

Question 29

What is the best model to describe matter?

Answer 29

The kinetic-molecular theory of matter is tiny particles in random, constant motion that make up all matter.

Question 30

What forms the volume of an atom?

Answer 30

The nucleus.

Question 31

What are particles with unbalanced electrical charges?

Answer 31

Ions.

Question 32

What is a material that is only composed of one substance?

Answer 32

A pure substance.

Question 33

What is a pure substance and is only made of one kind of atom?

Answer 33

An element.

Question 34

What pure substance contains more than one type of atom chemically bonded together?

Answer 34

A compound.

Question 35

What is mixing two or more substances together called?

Answer 35

A mixture.

Question 36

What are uniform and evenly mixed particles called?

Answer 36

Homogeneous mixtures.

Question 37

What are non-uniform mixtures called?

Answer 37

Heterogeneous mixtures.

Question 38

What is another name for the three physical forms of matter?

Answer 38

States.

Question 39

What are the characteristics of a solid?

Answer 39

1. Definite volume 2. Definite shape 3. Dense 4. Low compressibility 5. Particles are close together and vibrate in fixed positions.

Question 40

What the characteristics of a liquid?

Answer 40

1. Definite volume 2. Shape determined by container 3. Low compressibility 4. A fluid 5. Particles are completely mobile but still strong attractions to their neighbors. They vibrate and freely spin. close together. 6. A liquid forms a free surface if it doesn’t completely fill its container. 7. Liquids have viscosity.

Question 41

Any substance that flows is called what?

Answer 41

A fluid.

Question 42

What are the characteristics of gas?

Answer 42

1. Volume and shape determined by container 2. Highly compressible 3. A fluid 4. Particles are far apart and move at high speeds.

Question 43

Any change of the arrangement of the matter in a material or object is called what?

Answer 43

Physical change.

Question 44

What occurs when atoms of different substances break apart and combine in different ways?

Answer 44

Chemical changes.

Question 45

What occurs when an atom’s nucleus emits or absorbs a nuclear particle or ray. Splitting the nucleus into smaller nuclei is also a what?

Answer 45

Nuclear change.

Question 46

If the solid absorbs enough thermal energy, its particles vibrate so rapidly that the attractions between particles can’t hold them in fixed locations any longer. They break free and begin moving around in the liquid state. What is this called?

Answer 46

Melting

Question 47

What are bullet proof vests made of?

Answer 47

Kevlar.

Question 48

When a liquid cools, its particles slow down. Eventually the motion is slow enough that the attraction between the particles can hold them in fixed locations. As particles clump together, they enter the solid state. When all the particles in the liquid are trapped and can no longer move about, the change to a solid is complete. What is this called?

Answer 48

Freezing.

Question 49

Any process resulting in a solid or liquid substance changing directly to a gas is called what?

Answer 49

Vaporization.

Question 50

What causes the gas pressure exerted by just the vapor molecules, ignoring the pressure caused by the rest of the air molecules.

Answer 50

Vapor pressure.

Question 51

What is the fastest form of vaporization?

Answer 51

Boiling.

Question 52

How does boiling occur?

Answer 52

Boiling occurs at the boiling point temperature, and throughout the liquid.

Question 53

The kind of vaporization that happens when a liquid’s temperature is anywhere between its melting and boiling points is called what?

Answer 53

Evaporation.

Question 54

How does sublimation occur?

Answer 54

Sublimation occurs • between the solid and vapor phases; • at temperatures below the melting point of the solid; and • at the solid’s surface.

Question 55

How does evaporation occur?

Answer 55

Evaporation occurs • at any temperature between the melting and boiling points, and • only at the liquid’s surface.

Question 56

How does condensation occur?

Answer 56

Condensation occurs when a vapor cools and changes to the liquid state.

Question 56

How does deposition occur?

Answer 56

Deposition occurs when the rate of vapor molecules return- ing to the solid exceeds the number of molecules sublimating away.

Question 57

Chapter 3

Answer 57

Chapter 3

Question 58

any measurable aspect of something is called what?

Answer 58

A dimension.

Question 59

What system of measurement in which all units of a given dimension are related to each other by powers of 10?

Answer 59

Metric system.

Question 60

What is the name and the size of a portion of a dimension that has a value of 1?

Answer 60

Unit.

Question 61

Metric system is commonly used now based on what?

Answer 61

SI units.

Question 62

SI based units have their own what?

Answer 62

Symbols.

Question 63

What is the world’s oldest known unit of measure.

Answer 63

The cubit.

Question 64

What evaluates how close a measurement is to the acceptable value of the measurement?

Answer 64

Accuracy.

Question 65

What evaluates how exactly a measurement is made?

Answer 65

Precision.

Question 66

What is an assessment of the random errors associated with a series of measurements?

Answer 66

Repeatability.

Question 67

What can indicate the amount of matter in an object, but it does not measure the amount of matter directly?

Answer 67

Weight.

Question 68

What is the measure of the amount of matter in an object?

Answer 68

Mass.

Question 69

The space enclosed or occupied by an object is its what?

Answer 69

Volume.

Question 70

What are like long, thin eyedroppers; they can measure and deliver tiny volumes of liquid drop by drop if needed?

Answer 70

Pipettes.

Question 71

Chapter 4

Answer 71

Chapter 4

Question 72

Who described motion and provided observational evidence for a mechanical, sun-centered model of the universe?

Answer 72

Galileo Galilei.

Question 73

What is the modern study of motion?

Answer 73

Mechanics.

Question 74

What is the description of how things move?

Answer 74

Kinematics.

Question 75

What is the description of what causes things to move?

Answer 75

Dynamics.

Question 76

What is the description of how stationary things react to pushes and pulls?

Answer 76

Statics.

Question 77

What is a good example for all three: kinematics, dynamics, and statics?

Answer 77

A roller coaster.

Question 78

What is separated from its surround­ing by an actual or imaginary boundary?

Answer 78

A system.

Question 79

What is the geometric space containing the point of reference?

Answer 79

The reference frame.

Question 80

Systems move in straight lines or simple curved paths caused by forces acting on the systems from within the frame of reference is called what?

Answer 80

Inertial or fixed reference frame.

Question 81

When the observational point of view is not moving at a constant speed or direction, it is accelerating. What is this called?

Answer 81

Accelerated reference frame.

Question 82

What is a scientific word for an unbroken expanse or series.

Answer 82

Continuum.

Question 83

What is an imaginary line marked off in distance units?

Answer 83

Coordinate axis.

Question 84

A length of a time span is a what?

Answer 84

Time interval.

Question 85

What quantity describes the net distance and direction of motion?

Answer 85

Displacement.

Question 86

What is the rate of change of the speed or velocity during a given time interval?

Answer 86

Acceleration.

Question 87

What of a system is simply the rate of motion?

Answer 87

The speed

Question 88

What is the rate of completing a displacement?

Answer 88

Velocity.

Question 89

Chapter 6

Answer 89

Chapter 6

Question 90

What is the definition of energy?

Answer 90

Energy is the ability to do work.

Question 91

Potential energy is sometimes called what?

Answer 91

Energy of condition or energy of position.

Question 92

What can depend on its position and a force that has the potential to move the system from its current position?

Answer 92

Potential energy.

Question 93

What de­pends only on the system’s mass and speed?

Answer 93

Kinetic energy.

Question 94

Kinetic energy is also known as what?

Answer 94

Energy of motion.

Question 95

What are the nine types of energy?

Answer 95

Mechanical, thermal, acous­tic, electrical, magnetic, radiant, chemical, nuclear, and mass energy.

Question 96

What consists of mechanical potential energy and kinetic energy?

Answer 96

Mechanical energy.

Question 97

The energy resulting from the motion of matter or its position relative to an exter­ nal force acting on it is called what?

Answer 97

Mechanical energy.

Question 98

The average sum of the kinetic energies of all the particles in an ob­ ject is its what?

Answer 98

Thermal energy.

Question 98

The movement of thermal energy into or out of a system and the process of gaining it is called what?

Answer 98

Heat and heating.

Question 100

The process of losing thermal energy is called what?

Answer 100

Cooling.

Question 101

Forces acting on other electrical charges that can do work is called what?

Answer 101

Electrical energy.

Question 102

What is the transmission of energy through matter by particle oscillations that occur in specific directions?

Answer 102

Acoustic energy.

Question 103

What is a repetitive, back-and-forth motion, as in a swing?

Answer 103

Oscillation.

Question 104

What is the ability to do work through the influence of a magnetic field

Answer 104

Magnetic energy.

Question 105

Magnetic and electrical energy together is what?

Answer 105

Electromagnetic energy.

Question 106

Electromagnetic energy in various forms, can be radiated by matter and transmitted through a vacuum and this is can also be called what?

Answer 106

Radiant energy.

Question 107

Potential energy stored in chemical bonds is called what?

Answer 107

Chemical energy.

Question 108

What is associated with the nucleus of the atom and when split can send an enormous amount of energy?

Answer 108

Nuclear energy.

Question 109

The largest potential source of energy in the universe is what, and is the energy equivalent to all matter itself?

Answer 109

Mass energy.

Question 110

What term is used to conserve energy and not wasting it?

Answer 110

Conservation of energy.

Question 111

What law states that matter can't be created nor destroyed?

Answer 111

The Law of Thermodynamics.

Question 112

A property of a moving system that is proportional to its speed and mass is called what?

Answer 112

Momentum.

Question 113

What is the change of position during a time interval called?

Answer 113

Motion.

Question 114

In a system of colliding objects, the sum of their momentums before the collision is equal to the sum of their momentums afterward if no external forces act on the objects is called what?

Answer 114

Conservation of momentum.

Question 115

What occurs when two objects collide and rebound so that the sum of their momentums and the sum of their kinetic energies are the same before and after the collision?

Answer 115

Elastic collision.

Question 116

There are three kinds of collisions recognized physicists. What are they?

Answer 116

Elastic, partially elastic, and inelastic.

Question 117

What occurs when two objects collide and rebound so that the sum of their momentums and the sum of their kinetic energies are the same before and after the collision?

Answer 117

Elastic collisions.

Question 118

What oc­curs when after the collision the rebounding objects are temporarily or permanently deformed in some way?

Answer 118

Partially elastic collisions.

Question 119

What occurs when the colliding objects stick together after the collision?

Answer 119

Inelastic collisions.