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Botany > Jan 17-27 > Flashcards

Jan 17-27 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe GROUND tissue and where it is found

A

FOUND: a space filler between top and bottom epidermis

  • most abundant of tissue
  • consists of all three cell types, but mostly parenchyma
  • site of photosynthesis
  • storage of nutrients
  • is a space filler
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2
Q

What type of growth increases the root or stem girth?

A

Secondary growth

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3
Q

What is a stomata?

A
  • opening in a leaf (usually bottom of leaf) that allows for O2 and CO2 gas exhchange
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4
Q

Describe VASCULAR tissue and name the two types and their functions

A

FOUND: throughout entire plant

  • transports water and nutrients

1) Xylem: transports water/nutrients up the plant (from roots)
Conducting cells
2) Phloem: transports sugar from leaves - multi-directionally
Conducting cells

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5
Q

Characteristics and function of collenchyma cells

A
  • primary cell walls that are thickened at the corners
  • alive at maturity
  • cells found around celery/rhubarb ridges
  • NOT found in roots

FUNCTION: they provide support against gravity (esp. for young stems and leaves

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6
Q

Charateristics of sclerenchyma cells

A
  • dead at maturity (lose organelles)
  • secondary cell walls made of cellulose and lignin
  • found in wood, bark, seed coats, pits of fruit, fibres (i.e. hemp)
  • found in stems and roots

FUNCTION: Support and transport

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7
Q

Name four types of phloem cells

A

1) sieve element
2) companion cells
3) parenchyma
4) sclerenchyma

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8
Q

List the hierarchy

A 
Kingdoms
Divisions
Classes
Orders
Families
Genus
Species
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9
Q

5 features of dicot

dicotyledonae

A
  • two cotyledons
  • net pattern leaf veins
  • vascular bundles in a ring within stem
  • usually has one main taproot from which smaller roots branch off
  • flowers in 4 or 5, or multiples of four or five
  • more variety of dicots than monocots
  • primary and secondary growth occur
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10
Q

Name the 5 kingdoms of all living things

A 
Protista
Eubacteria
Fungi
Animalia
Plantae
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11
Q

What is a mitochondria?

A

The place in a cell where cellular respiration takes place.

Sugar turns to energy.

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12
Q

Describe EPIDERMAL tissue and where it is found.

A

FOUND: around outside of stem, leaf, roots

  • protects from water loss and provides protection
  • one layer of tightly packed parenchyma cells
  • in woody plants, it becomes the periderm
  • may form trichomes (little hairs)
  • clear, contains no chlorophyll
  • some cells may secrete a waxy cuticle to further protect against water loss (i.e. in evergreens)
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13
Q

Describe mitosis and it’s purpose

A
  • parent cell clones and then split into two daughter cells
  • daughter cells are identical to parent and each other
  • cells are diploid (2n) - two sets of chromosomes
  • most plant cells are diploid
  • asexual reproduction

PURPOSE: growth and repair

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14
Q

Describe spongy mesophyll

A
  • loosely arranged parenchyma cells
  • allows for space for air flow/gas exchange, water vapour
  • catches some light that passes through the palisade mesophyll
  • photosynthesis
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15
Q

What is a compound leaf and what are the two types?

A
  • when a blade (leaf) is subdivided into leaflets
    1) palmate
    2) pinnate
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16
Q

What is the purpose of trichomes? (3)

A
  • reduces water loss by trapping a layer of humid air around the blade
  • is a pest deterrent
  • reflects sunlight
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17
Q

What is a petiole?

A

A leaf stalk that attaches a blade to a stem

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18
Q

What is the midrib on a leaf?

A

A large vein of tightly packed xylem and phloem cells

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19
Q

Name all the parts off a leaf cross section

A

1) waxy cuticle
2) epidermis
3) palisade mesophyll
4) vascular bundles
5) spongy mesophyll
6) guard cells
7) trichomes
8) stomata

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20
Q

Name three types of plant tissue

A

1) epidermal
2) ground
3) vascular

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21
Q

What is a compound leaf?

A

A leaf whose leaflets are attached to the middle vein but have their own petioles

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22
Q

What is the function of a leaf?

A

Photosynthesis

23
Q

What is the lateral meristem that runs between a xylem and phloem?

A

Vascular cambium

24
Q

What is a rachis?

A

The part of a stem between two petioles on a compound leaf

25
Q

What is an intercalary meristem?

A

A place where grass grows from that is found between the blade and the stem.

  • Only found in monocots.
26
Q

Name two advantages of compound leaves

A

1) they allow light to pass through to lower leaves

2) they weigh less and require less support from the stalk

27
Q

Where is cork cambium and what does it form?

A
  • forms from the epidermis

- forms bark and cork

28
Q

Name 5 divisions of kingdom plantae

A 
Bryophyta (mosses)
Pterophyta (ferns)
Sphenophyta (horsetail)
Coniferophyta (gymnosperm)
Anthophyta (angiosperms)
29
Q

Describe meiosis and it’s purpose

A
  • parent cell replicates and produce 4 daughter cells
  • daughter cells are genetically different than parent and each other
  • cells are haploid (1n) - one set of chromosomes
  • sexual reproduction

PURPOSE: for producing gametes

30
Q

Name three types of leaf attachment to a stem

A

1) alternate
2) opposite
3) whorled

31
Q

What kind of tissue is the palisade mesophyll and spongy mesophyll made of?

A

Ground tissue

32
Q

What is a compound leaf?

A

A leaf whose leaflets are attached to the middle vein but have their own petioles

33
Q

What do guard cells do and when?

A
  • surround each stomata and control the opening and closing of it
  • open during the day when the sun is out, close at night when there is no photosynthesizing
34
Q

Name 7 identifying features of a leaf

A

1) Venation
2) Colour
3) Hairy leaves
4) Leaf shape
5) Leaf margin
6) Tips and bases of leaf
7) Attachments (i.e. opposite, alternating, whorled)

35
Q

Describe palisade mesophyll

A
  • tightly packed, elongated cells just below the top epidermis
  • contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis
  • catch the light when it first hits the leaf
36
Q

Name the area where a plant grows vertically either up (stem) or down (root) and what type of cells make up the area?

A

Apical meristems - clusters of parenchyma cells

37
Q

Characteristics and function of parenchyma cells

A
  • most abundant in plant
  • have thin primary walls (flexibility)
  • alive at maturity (contain nucleus, organelles)
  • found in all three tissue types

FUNCTION: wound healing, storing nutrients, photosynthesis, space filler

38
Q

What is a palmate compound leaf?

A

A leaf whose leaflets are arise from one point at the tip of a petiole

39
Q

Where is vascular cambium and what does it form?

A
  • found between the phloem and xylem

- forms wood

40
Q

What is primary growth?

A

Plant grows lengthwise (vertically) - roots deeper, stems taller

41
Q

What are chloroplasts and what is their function?

A

Organelles that contain chlorophyll

FUNCTION: photosynthesis

42
Q

Describe a simple leaf

A

One blade attached to a stem by a petiole

43
Q

5 features of monocot

monocotydonae

A

one cotyledon
parallel leaf veins
vascular bundles scattered throughout stem
flower petals in threes or multiples of 3
fibrous root system
*most monocots are herbaceous - no woody stem - therefore no secondary growth

44
Q

Name four types of xylem cells

A

1) vessels
2) tracheids
3) parenchyma
4) sclerenchyma

45
Q

What is a pinnately compound leaf?

A

A leaf whose leaflets are arranged along a single axis

46
Q

Describe secondary growth

A
  • does NOT occur in monocots
  • growth of thickness or diameter (of a stem or root)
  • the process how wood and bark are formed
  • lateral meristems are in a circular pattern
47
Q

What is a sheath?

A

Part of a grass leaf that encircles the stem

48
Q

How does a needle or scale (modified leaf) help reduce water loss?

A
  • smaller surface area

- has waxy cuticle

49
Q

What is a sessile leaf?

A

A blade that is directly attached to the stem

50
Q

Name three benefits that a petiole offers to a plant?

A

1) contributes to spacing of leaves for sun exposure
2) turns the leaves to follow the sun
2) provides greater flexibility during heavy wind/rain storms

51
Q

What is venation?

Name three types of venation on a simple leaf.

A

The pattern of veins on a blade (leaf)

1) pinnate venation
2) palmate venation
3) parallel venation

52
Q

What is a scale and a needle?

A

Small modified leaves, often on conifers

53
Q

What is a leaf lobe?

A

Projections of a blade with gaps between them

Botany (1 decks)

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