Jan. 22nd (Exam 1) Flashcards
(43 cards)
What is differentiation?
Differentiation is the process of cells becoming more and more specialized until they become what we call terminally differentiated cells.
What are the large granular lymphocytes?
Give an example.
What will these specific cells do?
They are the effector cells of innate immunity, containing a granular cytoplasm (histamine, maybe heparin)
NK cells.
They enter the infected tissue to kill infected cells, releasing cytokines.
What are the small lymphocytes?
Give two examples.
How do they typically exist within the body?
They are cells that are involved in the adaptive immune system and contain almost no cytoplasm.
B-cells and T-cells
They circulate within the blood in what is called a quiescent form.
What are the cell-surface receptors present on B lymphocytes/cells?
Immunoglobulins
What are plasma cells?
These are the effector (mature form) of B cells that act to secrete antibodies.
What are antibodies?
These are the soluble form of immunoglobulins.
What do T lymphocytes have that is similar to immunoglobulins?
They have T-cell receptors.
These are NEVER secreted.
Is there any variation present within the “arm” part of the immunoglobulin/antibody?
No there isn’t much variation in the constant part, because the gang sign part can have unbelievable variation.
What are the different “regions” of the immunoglobulins, antibodies, and T-cell receptors?
- Transmembrane region (not antibodies)
- The constant region (within one class of antibodies)
- The variable region
What are the three (effector) functions of B-cells that we talked about?
- Differentiating into plasma cells to make antibodies
- Humoral Immunity
- Opsonization
What is humoral immunity?
This is the broad immunity due to antibodies and ALL their actions.
Example that was shown was bacterial toxins being neutralized by specific antibodies.
What is opsonization?
This is the coating of a bacterium with antibodies to enhance phagocytosis.
What are the two broad types of effector T-cell?
- Cytotoxic T-cells
- Helper T-cells
What is a regulatory T-cell?
What does this essentially prevent?
This is a type of helper T-cell that controls the activity of other T-cells to prevent tissue damage and stop immune response.
The immune system attacking itself when it labels cells as damaged.
What do cytotoxic T-cells do?
They will kill cells that are infected with certain viruses or bacteria.
What do Helper T-cells do?
What determines which types of cells will be activated?
They will secrete cytokines to help other cells become effector cells (example could be activation of macrophages).
They type of cytokines that are produced.
Where are most lymphocytes found?
In lymphoid tissues or organs.
Where were the 8 different locations that we listed as lymphoid tissues or organs?
- Bone marrow
- Thymus
- Spleen
- Adenoids
- Tonsils
- Appendix
- Lymph nodes
- Peyer’s patches (small intestine)
What constitutes the primary/central lymphoid tissues?
What are the two central lymphoid tissues we talked about?
Where lymphocytes develop and mature.
Bone Marrow - origination site of B and T cells (where B cells will mature)
Thymus - maturation site of T-cells
What constitutes the secondary/peripheral lymphoid tissues?
What are the secondary/peripheral lymphoid tissue?
Location where mature lymphocytes are stimulated.
Everything else from the list of 8!
What are lymphatics?
Where do lymphatic vessels originate?
What do they do?
They are the networks of lymphatic vessels.
They originate in the connective tissues.
They collect the plasma that leaks out of blood vessels.
Where do lymph nodes lie?
They lie at the junctions of lymphatics.
Are lymph nodes primary or secondary lymphoid tissue?
Secondary or peripheral.
What does the lymphatic system generate?
What is it?
Where does it eventually go?
It generates lymph.
Lymph is a extracellular fluid
It is eventually returned to the blood.
